高中化学复习知识点.docx

高中化学复习知识点.docx

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高中化学复习知识点

高中化学复习知识点（Highschoolchemistryreviewknowledgepoints）

Highschoolchemistryreviewknowledgepoints

Chemicalreactionsandtheirenergychanges

Asummaryofchemicalreactionsandtheirenergychanges

Coreknowledge

Redoxreaction

Coreknowledge

First,afewbasicconcepts

1.redoxreaction:

whereelectrontransferreactionisredoxreaction.Asthevalenceofelementschange.

2.oxidationandreductionreaction:

materialloseselectrons（reflectsincreasedvalence）isanoxidationreaction;electronicmaterialreaction（reflectedinlowervalence）isthereductionreaction.

3.productofoxidationandreduction:

theproductformedbyoxidationofthereducingagentwhentheelectronsarelostinthereactionistheproductofoxidation.Theoxidantisreducedtoelectronsinthereactionandtheresultingproductisareducedproduct

4.oxidationandreduction:

substancesinthereactionoftheelectronasoxidant,oxidantwithoxidation;substancesinthereactionoftheelectronasareducingagent,reducingagenthasreduction

Therelationshipsbetweentheconceptsare:

Two.Analysisandrepresentationofoxidation-reductionreactions

Doubletrackbridgemethod:

In1cases

Itrepresentsthegainandlossofelectronsinthereactionandtheresult

Thewirebridgeisdirectedbythereactanttothesameelementofthegenerator

Singletrackbridgemethod

Example（example）

Itindicatestheelectrontransferinthereaction

Thewirebridgeisdirectedbythereductant,theelectron-deficientelement,andtheelectronelementoftheoxidant

Therelationshipbetweenthethreeorfourbasicreactiontypesandtheredoxreaction

The1.displacementreactionsareallredoxreactions

2.chemicalreactionsanddecompositionreactionsarepartlyredoxreactions

All3.metathesisreactionsarenotredoxreactions

Four,therelationshipbetweenthevalencestateandtheoxidationandreductionoftheelements

Thecommonlowestvalenceelementscannotgetelectron,onlyhasreducing.ForexampleallmetalelementsasCl-1,S-2,O-2,Oprice,atthehighestvalenceelementscannotloseelectrons,canonlyreceiveelectronicandoxidbillity.Inthemiddleofthevalenceofelements,suchasbothoxidizing,andreduction,butalsooftenoneaspect.SuchasS,O2,Cl2byoxidation.

Five.Comparisonofoxidationandreduction

（1）oxidation:

oxidant>oxidationproduct

Reducibility:

reducingagent>reducingproduct

Note:

theoxidationreductionisgenerallydependentontheredoxreaction

（2）accordingtotheorderofmetalactivity

K,Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Zn,Fe,Sn,Pb,（H）,Cu,Hg,Ag,Pt,Au

（3）accordingtotheorderofnonmetallicactivities

Six.Basictypesofredoxreactions

All1.redox:

allatomvalencecompoundvalenceelementschange

Suchas:

2H2+O22H2OZn+2HClH2=+ZnCl2

The2.part:

theredoxelementsofatomicvalenceonlypartofchange

Suchas:

MnO2+4HCl（concentrated）MnCl2+Cl2=+2H2O

3.,selfoxidationisreduced,andthechangeofvalencestateofdifferentelementsinthesamesubstanceischanged

Suchas:

2KClO32KCl+3O2=2H2O=+O2=2H2

4.disproportionationreaction:

thechangeofvalencestateofthesameelementinthesamesubstance

Suchas:

Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O

Seven,thebasiclawofredoxreaction

1.,twoconservationrelations:

Conservationofmassandconservationofthetotalnumberofelectrons

The2.lawofincorporation:

thereactionofdifferentvalencestatesofthesameelementfollowstheprincipleof"reliableconvergence"

Ionreactionionequation

Coreknowledge

Electrolytesandnonelectrolytes

1.electrolyte:

acompoundthatconductselectricityinanaqueoussolutionorwhenheated

Acompoundthatcannotconductelectricitywhendissolvedinwaterorheated

Example1CaOandSO3aresolubleinwaterandelectricallyconductive.Fecanconductelectricity.Aretheyelectrolytes?

ThisistheanalysisofCaOelectrolyte,butcannotsaythatisbecauseitissolubleinwaterconductiveelectrolyte.Solubleinwaterhasthefollowingeffects:

CaO+H2O=Ca（OH）2,theCa（OH）2SO3itselfisnotconductive;electrolyte,solubleinwaterhasthefollowingeffects:

SO3+H2O=H2SO4,H2SO4.Theconductivityofelectrolyteactuallyreferstothereactionwithwater,throughtheirownfreedomandashiftofionizationionconductivecompounds.Fenotacompound,itdidn'tbelongtotheelectrolyteandnonelectrolyteofthecolumn.

2.strongelectrolyteandweakelectrolyte

Two,ionreaction

1.reactionsinvolvingionsarecalledionicreactions

Ionexchangetype（doubledecompositionreaction）

2.types

Oxidationreduction

Threeionequation

1.inresponsetotheactualuseofionionreactionbetweensymbolstorepresenttheformulacalledionequation.

2.significance:

ionicequationrepresentsallionreactionsofthesametype

3.,themethodofwritingionicequations:

（1）write"writethecorrectchemicalequation."

（2）"demolition":

dissolvingsolubleandeasilyionizedsubstancesinionicform,whichareinsolubleanddifficulttoionize,

Andgassubstancesarewritteninachemicalformula

（3）delete:

deletetheionsthatdonotparticipateinthereactionbeforeandafterthereaction

（4）"check":

checkwhetherthenumberofatomsonthetwosidesoftheionicequationisequal,andwhetherthetotalchargeisequal

Four,themethodofdeterminingwhethertheionequationiswrittencorrectly

Thefollowingfiveprinciplesmustbeconsidered:

（1）accordingtoobjectivefactsofmaterialreaction;

Example1:

Ironreactswithdilutehydrochloricacid:

2Fe+6H+=2Fe3++3H2=（error）,therightis:

Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2=.

（2）thelawsofconservationofmassmustbeobserved

Anexampleof2:

Cl2+I-=Cl-+I2（error）,therightis:

Cl2+2I-=2Cl-+I2.

（3）theprincipleofchargebalancemustbeobserved

Example3:

chlorinegasispassedintotheFeCl2solution:

Fe2++Cl2=Fe3++2Cl-（error）,therightis:

2Fe2++Cl2=2Fe3++2Cl-.

（4）oxidationreductionreactionmustfollowtheprincipleofgainandlossconservationofelectrons.Attentionshouldbepaidtothedeterminationofwhethertheelectrontransferredbyoxidantandreducingagentistrimmed

（5）mustfollowtheprincipleofconstantcomposition（i.e.materialcomposedofanionsandcationsfixed）.

Anexampleof4:

Ba（OH）2solutionanddiluteH2SO4:

Ba+OH-+H++SO42-=BaSO4:

+H2O（mixederror）,therightis:

Ba2++2OH-+SO42-+2H+=BaSO4:

+2H2O.

Five,determinewhethertheionsinthesolutioncancoexistinlargequantities

Theso-calledioncancoexistinthesamesolution,whichmeansnoreactionbetweenions.Ifthereactionbetweenionscannotexistinalargenumber

1.inthesamesolution,iftheionmeetsanyofthefollowingconditions,theionreactionwilloccur,andtheionscannotcoexistinthesolution

（1）theformationofinsolubleorslightlysolublesubstances:

suchasBa2+andCO32-,Ag+andBr-,Ca2+andSO42-andOH-,OH-andCu2+andsoon,cannotcoexistinlargenumbers

（2）generategasorvolatilesubstances:

suchasNH4+andOH-,H+andCO32-,HCO3-,S2-,HSO3-,SO32-andsoon,cannotcoexistinlargenumbers

2.,theformationofdifficulttoionizesubstances:

suchasH+andCO32-,S2-,SO32-,F-,ClO-andotherweakacids;OH-andNH4+,Cu2+andotherweakbasic;H+andOH-generatedwater,theseionscannotcoexistinlargenumbers

（4）redoxreaction:

oxidativeions（suchasFe3+,NO3-,ClO-,MnO4-）andreductiveions（suchasS2-,I-,Fe2+,SO32-）isnotalotofattention.Fe2+andFe3+coexistencecancoexist;MnO4-andCl-arenotalotofcoexistence.

2.applicationrulesofadditionalimplicitconditions:

（1）whenthesolutioniscolorlessandtransparent,theremustbenocoloredionsinthesolution.ThecommoncoloredionsareCu2+,Fe3+,Fe2+,MnO4-andsoon

（2）theremustbenoionsthatreactwithOH-instronglyalkalinesolutions

（3）theremustbenoionsinthestronglyacidicsolutionthatreactwithH+

Thechangeofenergyinachemicalreaction

Coreknowledge

1.energychangeinchemicalreactions

（1）thebasiccharacteristicsofchemicalreactions

Theformationofnewsubstances,oftenaccompaniedbychangesinenergyandluminescence,discoloration,outgassing,precipitationandotherphenomena

（2）exothermicreactionandendothermicreaction

Thereisaheatreleasereactioncalledexothermicreaction;thereisaheatabsorptionreactioncalledendothermicreaction

Thereason:

thecharacteristicsofchemicalreactionisanewsubstance,thetotalenergyofnewmaterialandreactionmaterialisnotthesame,thereactantsandthenewenergydifferenceinenergyformisexothermicandendothermic,theenergyisclosetotheheatabsorptionandheatreleasearenotobvious.

Theexample:

C+O2CO2combustionneutralizationreaction,themetalreactswithacidZn+2HClZnCl2+H2=CaO+H2OCa（OH）2isanexothermicreaction

Endothermicreactionexamples:

C+CO2（OH）2COH2+CuOCu+H2OBa8H2O+2NH4ClBaCl2+8NH3=+10H2O2?

2.combustion

Generallyspeaking,combustionreferstotheburningandheatingoffuelandoxygenintheair.Therearetwoconditionsforcombustion

Oneiscombustibleincontactwithoxygen,twoiscombustibletemperaturereachedtheignitionpoint.

Sufficientcombustionconditions:

first,thereisenoughair;two,thereisalargeenoughcontactsurfacewiththeair

Theharmofinadequatecombustion:

lessheat,wasteofresourcesandpollutants

Fossilburningincludes:

oil,naturalgas,coal,nonrenewableenergy

Fullutilizationofcoalanddevelopmentofnewtechnology:

newtypepulverizedcoalcombustionmachine;gasificationandliquefactionofcoal;convertedtowatergasordrydistillationgas

Knowledgeofalkalinemetal

First,alkalimetalisatypicalmetalelementfamily.Themaincontentsareasfollows:

1,knowledgenetwork:

sodium

Coreknowledge

I.