跨文化交际全部缩印版.docx

跨文化交际全部缩印版.docx

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跨文化交际全部缩印版

Interculturalcommunication:

interculturalcommunicationisaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalback-grounds.

Individualism:

broadlyspeaking,individualismreferstothedoctrinetheatertheinterestsoftheindividualareofoughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals,itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.

Collectivism:

itischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.peopleexpecttheirin-grouptolookafterthem,andinexchangeforthattheyfelltheyoweabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.collectivismmeansgreateremphasison

（1）theviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;

（2）socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;（3）beliefssharedwiththein-group;ratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromingroup;and（4）greatreadinesstocooperatewithingroupmembership.

Powerdistance:

it’stheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institutions,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.

Context:

it’stheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.

High-contextcommunication:

itisakindofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson;whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage,e.g.,Chinese,Japanese

Low-contextcommunication:

it’sjusttheoppositeofhigh-contextcommunication.it’sthemassofinformationisrestedintheexplicitcode,e.g.AmericanGerman

High-contextculture:

it'sakindofcultureinwhichpeopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike,e.g.Chinese,Japanese

Low-contextculture:

it'sakindofcultureinwhichthepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts,e.g.American,German

Activityorientation:

itisthewayacultureviewsactivity,whichisclassifiedbykluckhohnsandstrodtbeckasbeing,being-in-becoming,anddoing.

Nonverbalcommunication:

nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.

Paralanguage:

certainvocalcuesprovideduswithinformationwithwhichtomakejudgmentsaboutcharacters’personalities’,emotionalStates,andrhetoricalactivity.Paralanguageinvolvesthelinguisticelementsofspeech,thatis,howsomethingissaidandnottheactualmeaningofthespokenwords.mostclassificationsdivideparalanguageintothreekindsofvocalizations;vocalcharacterizers;vocalqualifiers;andvocalsegregates

M-time（monochromictimeschedule）:

M-timeculturestendtothinkoftimeassomethingfixedinnature,somethingaroundusandfromwhichwecannotescape;andever-presentpartoftheenvironment,justliketheairwebreathe

P-time（polychromictimeschedule）:

P-timeculturesdealwithtimeholisticallyandplacegreatstockintheactivityoccurringatthemoment.Polychronictimeculturesemphasizepeoplemorethanschedules.ForP-timecultures,timeislesstangibleandhencefeeingofwastedtimearenotasprevalentasM-timecultures.

Ethnocentric（文化中心主义）:

thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.

Encoding编码

Unfortunately（orperhapsfortunately）,humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.

Message编码信息

Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.

Channel交际渠道

Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.

Noise干扰

Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.

Receiver交际接受

Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.

Decoding解码

Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.

Feedback反馈

Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.

Context场景

Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.

stereotypes：

referstonegativeorpositivejudgmentmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

Prejudicereferstotheirrationaldislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation.

uncertaintyavoidancedealswithasociety’stoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity;itultimatelyreferstoman’ssearchfortruth

Integrationtakesplacewhenindividualsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegrityintegrationensuresacontinuityofculture.

在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。

Assimilationisthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinquishesanoriginalcultureforanother.whenindividualsareassimilatedintoamainstreamculture,theylosetheirpreviousculture.

知识点

1.ThereasonsforInterculturalCommunication.（跨文化交流的原因）P3

⑴.Interculturalcontacthasalonghistory,today’sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninanyprevioustimeinthepast.

⑵.Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedInterculturalcontact.

⑶.Innovativecommunicationsystemshavealsoencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction

⑷.Globalizationoftheeconomyhasfurtherbroughtpeopletogether.

⑸.ChangesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtothedevelopmentofexpandedInterculturalcontact.

2.StumblingblocksinInterculturalCommunication.（交流障碍）P26

⑴.Assumptionofsimilarities,peopleexceptethatsimplybeinghumanandhavingcommonrequirementsforfood,shelter,securityandsoonmakeseveryonealike.Unfortunately,theyoverlookthefactthattheformsofadaptationtothesecommonbiologicalandsocialneedsandthevalues,beliefsandattitudessurroundingthemarevastlydifferentfromculturetoculture.

⑵.Languagedifferences,vocabulary,syntax,idioms,slang,dialectsallcausedifficulty.Somepeopleevenclingtoonemeaningofawordorphraseregardlessoftheconnotationorcontext.

⑶.Nonverbalmisinterpretations,peoplefromdifferentculturesinhabitdifferentsensoryrealities.Theyabstractwhateverfitsintotheirpersonalworldofrecognitionandtheninterpretitthroughtheframeofreferenceoftheirownculture.

⑷.Preconceptionandstereotypes,stereotypesinterferewithobjectiveviewingofotherpeople.Theyarefirmlyestablishedasmythortruismsbyone’sowncultureandbecausetheysometimesrationalizeprejudices.

⑸Tendencytoevaluate,ratherthantrytocomprehendthoughtsandfeelingsfromtheworldviewoftheother,weassureourowncultureorwayoflifeisthemostnatural.Thisbiaspreventstheopen-mindednessneededtoexamineattitudesandbehaviorsfromtheother’spointofview.

⑹.Highanxiety,toomuchanxietyortensionrequitessomeformofrelief,whichtoooftencomesintheformsofdefensessuchastheskewingofperceptionswithdrawalorhostility.

3.ElementsofCommunication.（交流的要素）P49

⑴.context:

theinterrelatedconditionsofcommunicationmakeupwhatisknownascontext.Fouraspectsofcontext:

thephysicalsetting,includinglocation,time,light,temperature,distancebetweencommunications,andanyseatingarrangements.Historical,psychological,culture.

⑵.participants:

Theparticipantsincommunicationplaytherolesofsenderandreceiver.Threeespeciallyimportantvariableaffectingparticipantsarerelationship,genderandculture.

⑶.messages:

Messagesincludetheelementsofmeanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding.

⑷.channels:

Achannelisboththeroutetraveledbythemessageandthemeansoftransportation.Messagesaretransmittedthroughavarietyofsensorychannels,suchassound,sight,smell,taste,touchorcombinationofthese.

⑸.noise:

Noiseisanystimulus,externalorinternaltotheparticipants,thatinterfereswiththesharingofmeanings.

①.Externalnoise:

sights,sounds,andotherstimuliintheenvironmentareknownasexternalnoise.②.Internalnoise:

thoughtsandfeelingsthatinterferewiththecommunicationprocessareknownasinternalnoise.

③.Semanticnoise:

unintendedmeaningsarousedbycertainverbalsymbolscaninhibittheaccuracyofdecoding,thisisknownassemanticnoise.

⑹.feedback,asreceiversattempttodecodethemeaningofmessages,theyarelikelytogibesomekindofverbalornonverbalresponse.Thisresponseiscalledfeedback.

4.CharacteristicsofCulture（文化的特征）P45

⑴.Cultureislearned.Cultureisnotsomethingwearebornwith,butratherit’slearned.Nobodyhastoremainforalife-timelockedinsideonlyoneculture.

⑵.Cultureistheviewofagroupofpeople.Acultureissharedbyasociety,peopleinagivenculturesharesymbolsofthatculture.

⑶.Culturerankswhatisimportant.Inotherwords,culturesteachvaluesorpriorities.

⑷.Culturefurnishesattitude.Anattitudeislearned,anditisantendencytorespondthesamewaytothesameobjectorsituationoridea.

⑸.Cultureiscoherent.Eachculturepastorpresen