跨文化交际全部缩印版.docx

1、跨文化交际全部缩印版Intercultural communication :intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that

2、 all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look

3、after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs share

4、d with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .Power distance :its the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally .Context :its the

5、 information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,

6、Chinese ,Japanese Low-context communication :its just the opposite of high-context communication . its the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American German High-context culture :its a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information

7、 networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanese Low-context culture :its a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German Activity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classifi

8、ed by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing. Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value f

9、or the source or receiver. Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters personalities, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual

10、meaning of the spoken words .most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregates M-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from

11、which we can not escape ; and ever-present part of the environment ,just like the air we breathe P-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedul

12、es .For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures . Ethnocentric(文化中心主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Yo

13、ur communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term

14、 channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise干扰 The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the so

15、urce encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Feedback反馈Feedback ref

16、ers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps def

17、ine the communication.stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.uncertai

18、nty avoidance deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to mans search for truthIntegration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.在文化适应中人

19、们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.知识点1. The reasons for Intercultural Communication.（跨文化交流的原因） P3 .Intercultural contact

20、 has a long history, todays intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any previous time in the past. .New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated Intercultural contact. .Innovative communication systems have also enc

21、ouraged and facilitated cultural interaction .Globalization of the economy has further brought people together. .Changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to the development of expanded Intercultural contact.2. Stumbling blocks in Intercultural Communication. （交流障碍） P26 .Assumption of si

22、milarities, people excepte that simply being human and having common requirements for food, shelter, security and so on makes everyone alike. Unfortunately, they overlook the fact that the forms of adaptation to these common biological and social needs and the values, beliefs and attitudes surroundi

23、ng them are vastly different from culture to culture. .Language differences, vocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang, dialects all cause difficulty. Some people even cling to one meaning of a word or phrase regardless of the connotation or context. .Nonverbal misinterpretations, people from different cult

24、ures inhabit different sensory realities. They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture. .Preconception and stereotypes, stereotypes interfere with objective viewing of other people. They are firmly esta

25、blished as myth or truisms by ones own culture and because they sometimes rationalize prejudices. Tendency to evaluate, rather than try to comprehend thoughts and feelings from the worldview of the other, we assure our own culture or way of life is the most natural. This bias prevents the open-minde

26、dness needed to examine attitudes and behaviors from the others point of view. .High anxiety, too much anxiety or tension requites some form of relief, which too often comes in the forms of defenses such as the skewing of perceptions withdrawal or hostility.3. Elements of Communication. （交流的要素） P49

27、.context: the interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context. Four aspects of context: the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communications, and any seating arrangements. Historical ,psychological , culture. .participants: The

28、 participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver. Three especially important variable affecting participants are relationship, gender and culture. .messages: Messages include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding. .channels: A channel is both the route traveled

29、 by the message and the means of transportation. Messages are transmitted through a variety of sensory channels, such as sound, sight, smell, taste, touch or combination of these. .noise: Noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meanings.Ex

30、ternal noise: sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment are known as external noise. .Internal noise: thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. .Semantic noise: unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the acc

31、uracy of decoding, this is known as semantic noise. .feedback, as receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to gibe some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response is called feedback.4. Characteristics of Culture （文化的特征） P45 .Culture is learned. Culture is not som

32、ething we are born with, but rather its learned. Nobody has to remain for a life-time locked inside only one culture. .Culture is the view of a group of people. A culture is shared by a society, people in a given culture share symbols of that culture. .Culture ranks what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities. .Culture furnishes attitude. An attitude is learned, and it is an tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea. .Culture is coherent. Each culture past or presen