北京外国语大学英语语言文学应用专业基础英语样题.docx

北京外国语大学英语语言文学应用专业基础英语样题.docx

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北京外国语大学英语语言文学应用专业基础英语样题

北京外国语大学

2011年英语语言文学专业基础英语试卷（样题）

PartIGRAMMAR

A、CorrectErrors

Thepassagecontainstenerrors.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway:

b5E2R。

Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.p1Ean。

Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha^andwritethewordwhichyoubelieveismissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.DXDiT。

Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash/andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.RTCrp。

Theelderlywhofindsgreatrewardsandsatisfactions

（1）___________5PCzV。

Intheirlaterlivesareasmallminorityinthiscountry.ButtheyjLBHr。

Doexist.Theyarethe"agedelite".Itismoststrikingaboutthese

（2）___________xHAQX。

Peopleistheircapacityforgrowth.WhenArthurRobinsonwasLDAYt。

Eighty,someonetoldhimthathewasplyingpianobetterthan（3）___________Zzz6Z。

Ever."Ithinkso,"heagreed."NowItakechancesInevertookdvzfv。

Before.Iwasusedtobesomuchmorecareful.Nowrongnotes.（4）___________rqyn1。

Nottooboldideas.NowIletgoandenjoymyselfandtobewith（5）___________Emxvx。

Everythingbesidesthemusic."AnotherreasonforthesuccessofSixE2。

Theagedelitearethetraitstheyformedearlierintheirlives.A（6）___________6ewMy。

Sixty-eight-yearoldwoman,threetimesmarriedandwidowed,kavU4。

Says,"It'snotjustwhatyoudowhenyou'repastsixty-five.It'swhaty6v3A。

Youdidallyourlifewhichmatters.Ifyouhavelivedafulllife,（7）__________M2ub6。

Developedyourmind,youwillbeabletouseitpastsixty-five.0YujC。

Alongfranknesscomeshumor.Asenseofhumorisan（8）___________eUts8。

aidpeopleusetocopewithtension."Humor,"saysDr.Barren,sQsAE。

"alsoleadsyoutojoinwithotherpeople.TherearetwowaystoGMsIa。

Dealwithstress.Weeitherreachoutorwithdraw.Thereachers（9）___________TIrRG。

seekoutotherpeopletosharetheirproblemsinsteadofpulling7EqZc。

away."Growing,active,humorous,sharing-theseareallqualitieslzq7I。

whichdescribetheagedelite.（10）__________zvpge。

PartIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION

B.MultipleChoice

PleasereadthefollowingpassagesandchooseA,B,CorDtobestcompletethestatementsaboutthem.NrpoJ。

ThePerilsofEfficiency

Thisspring,disasterloomedintheglobalfoodmarket.Precipitousincreasesinthepricesofstapleslikerice（upmorethanahundredandfiftypercentinafewmonths）andmaizeprovokedfoodriots,toppledgovernments,andthreatenedthelivesoftensofmillions.Buttheburstingofthecommoditybubbleeasedthosepressures,andfoodprices,whilestillhigh,havecomewellofftheastronomicallevelstheyhitinApril.ForAmericans,thedropincommoditypriceshasputafewmorebucksinpeople'spockets;inmuchofthedevelopingworld,itmayhavesavedmanyfromactuallystarving.Sodidtheglobalfinancialcrisissolvetheglobalfoodcrisis?

1nowf。

Temporarily,perhaps.Buttherecentpricedropdoesn'tprovideanylong-termrespitefromthethreatoffoodshortagesorfuturepricespikes.Norhasitreassuredanyoneaboutthehealthoftheglobalagriculturalsystem,whichthecrisisrevealedasdangerouslyunstable.FourdecadesaftertheGreenRevolution,andafterwavesofmarketreformsintendedtotransformagriculturalproduction,we'restillhavingahardtimeinsuringthatpeoplesimplygetenoughtoeat,andweseemtobemorevulnerabletosupplyshocksthanever.fjnFL。

Itwasn'tsupposedtobethisway.Overthepasttwodecades,countriesaroundtheworldhavemovedawayfromtheirfocuson"foodsecurity"andhandedmarketforcesagreaterroleinshapingagriculturalpolicy.Beforethenineteen-eighties,developingcountrieshadso-called"agriculturalmarketingboards,"whichwouldbuycommoditiesfromfarmersatfixedprices（priceshighenoughtokeepfarmersfarming）,andthenstoretheminstrategicreservesthatcouldbeusedintheeventofbadharvestsorsoaringimportprices.Butintheeightiesandnineties,oftenaspartofstructural-adjustmentprogramsimposedbytheI.M.F.ortheWorldBank,manymarketingboardswereeliminatedorcutback,andgrainreserves,deemedinefficientandunnecessary,weresoldoff.Inthesameway,structural-adjustmentprogramsoftendidawaywithgovernmentinvestmentinandsubsidiestoagriculture—mostnotably,subsidiesforthingslikefertilizersandhigh-yieldseeds.tfnNh。

Thelogicbehindthesereformswassimple:

themarketwouldallocateresourcesmoreefficientlythangovernment,leadingtogreaterproductivity.Farmers,insteadofgrowingsubsidizedmaizeandwheatathighcost,couldconcentrateoncashcrops,likecashewsandchocolate,andusethemoneytheymadetobuystaplefoods.Ifacountrycouldn'tcompeteintheglobaleconomy,productionwouldmigratetocountriesthatcould.Itwasalsoassumedthat,oncegovernmentssteppedoutoftheway,privateinvestmentwouldfloodintoagriculture,boostingperformance.Andinternationalaidseemedamoreefficientwayofrelievingfoodcrisesthanrelyingoncountriestomaintainsurplusesandfood-securityprograms,whicharewastefulandcostly.HbmVN。

This"marketization"ofagriculturehasnot,tobesure,beenfullycarriedthrough.Subsidiesarestillendemicinrichcountriesandpoor,whiledevelopingcountriesoftenplacetariffsonimportedfood,whichbenefittheirfarmersbutdriveuppricesforconsumers.Andinextremecircumstancescountriesrestrictexports,hoardingfoodfortheirowncitizens.Nonetheless,weclearlyhavealeaner,moremarket-friendlyagriculturalsystemthanbefore.Itlooks,infact,abitlikeglobalmanufacturing,withlowinventories（wheatstocksareattheirlowestsince1977）,concentratedproduction（threecountriesprovideninetypercentofcornexports,andfivecountriesprovideeightypercentofriceexports）,andfewerredundancies.Governmentshaveamuchsmallerrole,andpublicspendingonagriculturehasbeencutsharply.V7l4j。

Theproblemisthat,whilethissystemisundeniablymoreefficient,it'salsomuchmorefragile.Badweatherinjustafewcountriescanwreakhavocacrosstheentiresystem.Whenpricesspikeastheydidthisspring（forreasonsthatnowseemnotentirelyobvious）,theresultisfoodshortagesandmalnutritioninpoorercountries,sincetheyarefarmoredependentonimportsandhavefewfoodreservestodrawon.And,whilehigherpricesandmarketreformsweresupposedtobringaboominagriculturalproductivity,globalcropyieldsactuallyroselessbetween1990and2007thantheydidintheprevioustwentyyears,inpartbecauseinmanydevelopingcountriesprivate-sectoragriculturalinvestmentnevermaterialized,whilethecutbacksingovernmentspendingleftthemwithfeebleinfrastructures.83lcP。

Thesechangesdidnotcausetherisingpricesofthepastcoupleofyears,buttheyhavemadethemmoredamaging.Theoldemphasisonfoodsecuritywasundoubtedlycostly,andoftenwasteful.Buttheredundanciesitcreatedalsohadtremendousvaluewhenthingswentwrong.Andonesurethingaboutasystemascomplexasagricultureisthatthingswillgowrong,oftenwithdevastatingconsequences.Ifthejust-in-timesystemforproducingcarsrunsintoahitchandthesupplyofcarsshrinksforawhile,peoplecaneasilyadapt.Whenthesamehappenswithfood,peoplegohungryorevenstarve.Thatdoesn'tmeanthatweneedtoembracepricecontrolsorcollectivefarms,andtherearesensiblemarketreforms,likedoingawaywithimporttariffs,thatwouldmakedeveloping-countryconsumersbetteroff.ButafewweeksagoBillClinton,noenemyofmarketreform,gotitrightwhenhesaidthatweshouldhelpcountriesachieve"maximumagriculturalself-sufficiency."Insteadofamoreefficientsystem,weshouldbetryingtobuildamorereliableone.mZkkl。

（1）Whatcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraph?

[A]Globalfinancialcrisisdestablizedgovernments.AVktR。

[B]Foodriotsresultedfromskyrockeingfoodbills.ORjBn。

[C]Financialcrisisworsensfoodcrisis.

[D]Foodpricessurgedby150%inApril.

（2）Thefoodcrisisrevealedtheglobalagriculturalsystemas__________.2MiJT。

[A]fragile

[B]unresponsive

[C]costly

[D]unbearable

（3）Accordingtothethirdparagraph,structural-adjustmentprograms__________.gIiSp。

[A]intendedtocopewithpoorharvests

[B]wereintroducedaspartof"marketforces"policiesuEh0U。

[C]removedpricecontrolsandstatesubsidies

[D]encouragedcountriestofocusonfoodsecurityIAg9q。

（4）Themarketizationofagricultureprobablymeans__________WwghW。

[A]privateinvestmentfloodsintoagriculture

[B]marketforcesprovideefficiencyinagricultureasfps。

[C]agriculturalpolicyworkswiththefreemarketsystemooeyY。

[D]agriculturalproductionisfreefromgovernmentinterventionBkeGu。

（5）WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureoftheexistingagriculturalsystem?

PgdO0。

[A]Reducedgovernmentspending.

[B]Concentratedproduction.

[C]Self-sufficiency.

[D]Lowwheatstocks.

（6）Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedpart"theredundancies"probablyreferto__________.3cdXw。

[A]High-yieldseeds

[B]Grainreserves

[C]Cashcrops

[D]Cornimports

MindingtheInequalityGap

Duringthefirst70yearsofthe20thcentury,inequalitydeclinedandAmericansprosperedtogether.Overthelast30years,bycontrast,theUnitedStatesdevelopedthemostunequaldistributionofincomeandwagesofanyhigh-incomecountry.h8c52。

Someanalystsseethegulfbetweentherichandtherestasanincentiveforstrivers,orasjustthewaythingsare.Othersseeitashavi