完整word版专业学位硕士研究生英语教程09.docx

完整word版专业学位硕士研究生英语教程09.docx

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完整word版专业学位硕士研究生英语教程09

UnitNine

（Parents=motherandfather）

Parenting（=parentaleducation）

Preview

Childrendobestwhentheyhavedailyaccesstodifferentandcomplementaryparentingstylesofmothersandfathers.Childrengrowingupinmother-onlyorfather-onlyhomesmaylackconfidence,independence,andsecurity.Suchboysandgirlswillbevulnerabletogenderconfusion,abuseandexploitationfromothers.Theyarelesslikelytohaveahealthyrespectforbothwomenandmenastheygrowintoadulthood.

PartITextReading

Warm-up

I．Waystobringupachild.

Raisingachildisoneofthehardest,mostresponsibleandsatisfyingtasksahumanbeingcanface.Itisalsothejobforwhichpeoplereceivetheleastformaltraining.

Stepone

Directions:

Everyparentwantshischildrentobewellcultivated,buthowtomakeithappen?

Pleasecooperatewithyourpartnertofindwaysforchildcultivation.Youcancomparewaysthatyourparentseducatedyou.Thefollowingwordsandexpressionsmaybeusefulforyourdiscussion.

rolemodel/discipline/spendingtime/communication/compliments/showinglove,respect,kindness,honesty,friendliness,hospitality,generosity/encouraging/behavinginthesameway/self-confidence/self-esteem/makingfriends/makingmistakes/playingwithchildren/balancing

nutrition

Steptwo

Directions:

Ifyouwereaparent,howwouldyouraiseyourkids?

Pleasediscussthistopicwithyourdeskmate.Thefollowingtipsmaybeusefulforthediscussion.

•Parentsarerolemodels.

•Disciplineisnecessary.

•Spendingenoughtimewithyourchildren.

•Goodcommunicationwillteachchildren.

II.Whatarefathersandmothers'waystoparent?

Readthefollowingphrasesandguessparentingwaysoffathersandmothers.PutFinthebracketforfather'swayandMformother's.

（）1.toprovidewarm,nurturingcareforacryinginfant

（）2.totickle,towrestle,andtothrowtheirchildrenintheair

（）3.tochasetheirchildren,asplayful,scary"monsters"

（）4.toencouragecompetitionandindependence

（）5.toencourageequityandsecurity

（）6.toencouragetheirkidstoswingorclimbjusthigher

（）7.toyell"slowdown,notsohigh,notsohard"

（）8.tosimplifytheirwordsandspeakonthechild'slevel

（）9.tobemorebrief,directive,andtothepoint

（）10.tobemoredescriptive,personalandverballyencouraging

Text

WhyChildrenNeedFather-LoveandMother-Love

GlennTStanton①

[1]IfHeatherisbeingraised（=broughtup）bytwomommies（=mothers）andBrandonisbeingraisedbyDaddy（=Dad,Father）andhisnewhusband-roommate,HeatherandBrandonmighthavetwoadultsintheirlives,buttheyarebeingdeprivedof（=arebeingdeniedof）thebenefits（advantages）foundintheunique（peculiar）influencesinamotherandfather'sdifferingparenting（educational）styles.Muchofthevaluemothersandfathersbringtotheirchildrenisdueto（=becauseof）thefactthatmothersandfathersaredifferent.Andbycooperatingtogetherandcomplementingeachotherintheirdifferences,theyprovide（give）goodthingsthatsame-sexcaregiverscannot.

MothersandFathersParent（vt.educate）Differently

[2]Thisdifferenceprovidesanimportant（diverse->）diversityofexperiencesforchildren.Dr.Pruettexplainsthatfathershaveadistinct（=unique,different）styleof（communicate->）communicationandinteractionwith（互动）children.Infants（babies）,by8weeks,cantell（know）thedifferencebetweenamaleorfemaleinteractingwiththem.StanfordpsychologistEleanorMaccoby,inherbookTheTwoSexes,explainsmothersandfathersrespond（->response）differentlytoinfants.Mothersaremorelikely（=possible）toprovidewarm,nurturing（caringforandprotectsb/sthwhiletheyaregrowinganddeveloping）careforacryinginfant.Thisdiversityinitselfprovideschildrenwithabroader（wider）,richer（colorful）experienceofcontrastingrelationalinteractions—moresothanforchildrenwhoareraisedbyonlyonegender（sex）.Whethertheyrealizeitornot,childrenarelearningatearliestage,bysheer（=pure,only）experience,thatmenandwomenaredifferentandhavedifferentwaysofdealingwithlife,otheradultsandtheirchildren.

MothersandFathersPlayDifferently

[3]Fatherstendtoplaywith,andmotherstendtocarefor,children.Whilebothmothersandfathersarephysical,fathersarephysicalindifferentways.

[4]Fatherstickle（tomoveyourfingersonasensitivepartofsb'sbodyinawaythatmakesthemlaugh）more,theywrestle（tofightsbbyholdingthemandtryingtothroworforcethemtotheground,sometimesasasport）,andtheythrowtheirchildrenintheair.Fatherschase（runafter）theirchildren,sometimesasplayful,scary（frightening）"monsters."Fathersarelouderatplay,whilemothersarequieter.Motherscuddle（hug,embrace拥抱,toholdsb/sthcloseinyourarmstoshowloveoraffection）babies,andfathersbounce（push）them.Fathersroughhouse（tofightsborplaywithsbroughly）whilemothersaregentle（tender温柔的）.Onestudyfoundthat70percentoffather-infantgamesweremorephysicalandactionoriented②whileonly4percentofmother-infantplaywaslikethis.Fathersencourage（compete->）competition;mothersencourage（equal->）equity（asituationinwhicheveryoneistreatedequally）.Onestyleencourages（independent->）independencewhiletheotherencourages（secure->）security.

[5]FatheringexpertJohnSnareyexplainsthatchildrenwhoroughhousewiththeirfatherslearnthat（bite->）biting,kickingandotherformsofphysicalviolencearenotacceptable.Theylearnself-controlbybeingtoldwhen"enoughisenough"andwhento"settledown（和解）."Girlsandboysbothlearnahealthybalancebetween（timid->）timidityand（aggress->）aggression.Childrenneedmom'ssoftnessaswellas（and,togetherwith）dad'sroughhousing（violence）.Bothprovidesecurityandconfidenceintheirownwaysbycommunicatingloveandphysical（intimate->）intimacy.

FathersPush（forcesb.tochallenge）Limits;MothersEncourageSecurity

[6]Gotoanyplaygroundandlistentotheparents.Whoisencouragingtheirkidstoswingorclimbjustalittlehigher,ridetheirbikejustalittlefaster,throwjustalittleharder?

Whoisyelling,"slowdown,notsohigh,notsohard!

"Ofcourse,fathersencouragechildrentotakechancesandpushlimitsandmothersprotectandaremore（caution->）cautious.Andthisdifferencecancausedisagreementbetweenmomanddadonwhatisbestforthechild.

[7]Butthedifferenceisessential（necessary，extremelyimportant）forchildren.Eitheroftheseparentingstylesbythemselvescanbeunhealthy（harmful）.Onecantendtowardencouragingriskwithout（consider->）considerationofconsequences.Theothertendstoavoidrisk,whichcanfailtobuildindependence,confidenceandprogress.Joinedtogether,theykeepeachotherinbalanceandhelpchildrenremainsafewhileexpandingtheirexperiencesandconfidence.

MothersandFathersCommunicateDifferently

[8]Amajor（main）studyshowedthatwhen（theyare）speakingtochildren,mothersandfathersaredifferent.Motherswillsimplifytheirwordsandspeakonthechild'slevel.Menarenotasinclined（willing）tomodifytheirlanguageforthechild.

[9]Mother'swayfacilitates（=helps）immediatecommunication.Father'swaychallengesthechildtoexpandhervocabularyandlinguisticskills,animportantbuildingblock（apieceofwoodorplasticusedasatoyforchildrentobuildthingswith积木）ofacademicsuccess.

[10]Father'stalktendstobemorebrief,directive,andtothepoint.Italsomakesgreateruseofsubtle（notverynoticeableorobvious）bodylanguageandfacialexpressions.Motherstendtobemore（scribe滕文工->describe描述->）descriptive,personalandverbally（inspokenwordsandnotinwritingoractions）encouraging.Childrenwhodonothavedailyexposureto（=experience）bothwillnotlearnhowtounderstandandusebothstylesofconversationastheygrow.Theseboysandgirlswillbeatadisadvantage（处于劣势）becausetheywillexperiencethesedifferentwaysofcommunicatinginrelationshipswithteachers,bossesandotherauthorityfigures.

[11]EducationalpsychologistCarolGilligantellsusthatfathersstressjustice,fairness（=equality）andduty（basedonrules）,whilemothersstresssympathy,careandhelp（basedonrelationships）.Fatherstendtoobserve（obey）andenforcerulessystematicallyandsternly（=strictly,seriously）,whichteachchildrentheobjectivityandconsequencesofrightandwrong.Motherstendtowardgrace（aqualityofbehaviorthatispoliteandpleasantanddeservesrespect）andsympathyinthemidstof（among）（obey->obedient->obedience<->disobey->disobedient->）disobedience,whichprovideasenseofhopefulness.Again,eitherofthesebythemselvesisnotgood,buttogether,theycreateahealthy,proper（appropriateorcorrect）balance.

FathersProvideaLookat（=aviewof）theWorldofMen;Mothers,theWorldofWomen

[12]Menandwomenaredifferent.Theyeatdifferently.Theydressdifferently.Theysmelldifferent.Theygroom（dress）themselvesdifferently.Theycopewith（dealwith）lifedifferently.Fathersdo"manthings"andwomendo"ladythings."Mothersandfathersbothhelplittlegirlsandlittleboyslearnhowtogrowtobewomenandmen.AnthropologistSuzanneFrayserexplainsthisisconstant（happeningallthetimeorrepeatedly）inallhumansocieties,"Eachprocesscomplements（toaddtosthinawaythatimprovesitormakesitmoreattractive）theother.Theboycanlookathisfatherandseewhatheshoulddotobeamale;hecanlookathismotherandseewhatheshouldnotdotobeamale."

[13]Girlsandboyswhogrowupwithafather