经济学英文论文.docx

经济学英文论文.docx

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经济学英文论文

集团文件发布号：

（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-19882）

经济学英文论文

Aqualitativestudyofbusiness-to-businesselectroniccommerceadoptionwithintheIndonesiangroceryindustry:

Amulti-theoryperspective

Abstract

Thisstudyexploresthebusiness-to-businesselectroniccommerce（B2BEC）technologyadoptionexperienceoforganizationswithinthesupplychainofthegroceryindustryinIndonesiausingamulti-theoryperspective.Throughamultiplecasestudywitheightorganizations,itprovidesacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheinfluenceofadoptionfactors.Thisstudyshowstheusefulnessofcomplementarilydeployingseveraladoptiontheoriesandoffersimportanttheoreticalandpracticalimplicationsfororganizationsastheyextendtheirsupplychainsglobally.

Keywords

Electroniccommerce;?

Technologyadoption;?

Groceryindustry;?

Developingcountry;?

Supplychainmanagement;?

Qualitativestudy

1.Introduction

ElectronicCommerce（EC）isabroadconceptthatreferstotheexchangeofproducts/servicesandinformationviacomputernetworks,includingtheInternet,ExtranetandIntranet?

.WithintheB2BECcontext,adiverserangeoftechnologiesandinitiativeshavebeenintroduced.ExamplesoftechnologiesincludeElectronicDataInterchange（EDI）,automaticproductidentification（barcode,RFIDtags）,andElectronicFundsTransfer,andexamplesofinitiativesincludecrossdocking,VendorManagedInventory（VMI）,ContinuousReplenishmentProgram（CPR）,andCollaborativePlanning,ForecastingandReplenishment（CPFR）?

.OrganizationscanobtainsubstantialbenefitsfromtheirinvestmentinECtechnologies,asECgenerallyenablesorganizationstoimprove?

reach,?

richness?

and?

affiliation?

.DuetothepotentialofEC,manycountriesworldwidehaverapidlyadoptedit?

resultinginasignificantgrowthofECindevelopedcountriesduringthelasttwodecadesand,morerecently,indevelopingcountries?

.

Intheeraofglobalization,developingcountrieshaveplayedanimportantroleinworldtradeandcommercebecauseoftheirlargemarketpotentialandlowcostoflabor?

.Developingcountriesaredefinedascountrieswithalowtomiddleincomelevel,alowstandardofliving,restrictedtechnologyinfrastructureandlimitedaccesstoproductsandservices?

.Withadvancementsininformationandcommunicationtechnologies（ICT）,largeglobalorganizationsareincreasinglyextendingtheirsupplychainsacrossmultiplecontinentsinordertocutcostsandincreasetheirreach?

.ThroughICTadoption,developedcountriescantradewithdevelopingcountriesmoreefficientlyand,inturn,helpthosedevelopingcountriesachievemoresustainableeconomicgrowth.

However,duetodifferencesintheirsocial,cultural,economic,political,legalandtechnologicalconditions,developingcountriesencounterasetofproblemsandconcernsthatvaryconsiderablyfromthosefacedbydevelopedcountries?

Forexample,Hofstede'snationalculturetheorysuggeststhatdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesdiffergreatlyintheircharacteristics,whichmayaffecttheirorganizationalbehaviortowardtechnologyadoption?

.CulturaldifferencescapturedbyPowerDistanceandUncertaintyAvoidancedimensionssuggestthatorganizationaltechnologyadoptionbehaviorisconstrainedsociallyasaresultoftheattachmentofmeaningsandinterpretationsrelevanttothatculturalcontext.Thus,organizationsoperatingindevelopedcountries（withalowUncertaintyAvoidanceindex）tendtostressbothtechnologicaldevelopmentandtechnologicaladoptionmorethanorganizationsoperatingincountrieswithahighPowerDistanceandlowtoleranceforambiguityanduncertainty?

.Inanotherstudy,Guoetal.?

findthatthewayorganizationsusee-mail,phoneandfaxinChina（adevelopingcountry）andAustralia（adevelopedcountry）islargelyinfluencedbythedifferenceintheUncertaintyAvoidancedimensionofculturaldifferencebetweenthesetwonations.Asaresult,differentsetsofapproachestotechnologyadoptionarerequiredtosuittheculturalandcontextualconditionsofdevelopingcountries?

.

However,atthisstage,thereremainsarelativelylimitednumberofin-depthstudiesandunderstandingregardingtheadoptionofECtechnologiesbydevelopingcountries,despiteagrowingnumberoftechnologypenetrationsthathavetakenplaceinthesecountriesinrecentyears?

AnunderstandingoftheadoptionofICT,inparticularECtechnology,bydevelopingcountriesisthusimportantforbothresearchersandpractitioners.Moreover,thecontextualsituationsofcountriesarearguablydifferentinnature.Forexample,thematurityoftheICTinfrastructure,e-commercereadiness,degreeofgovernmentsupport,andextentofbusinesscompetitivenessvarygreatly,notonlybetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesbutalsoamongdevelopingcountries.Furthermore,itwouldbeinappropriatetoassumethatvariousdimensionsofnationalcultureremainsomewhatsimilaracrossalldevelopingcountries.Infact,distinctculturaldifferencesarenotedamongdevelopingcountries.Hence,itcouldbearguedthatqualitativestudiesfocusingone-commerceadoptioninsomedevelopingcountriesarenotnecessarilyreflectiveofthee-commercetrendsandadoptiondynamicsofalldevelopingcountriesacrosstheglobe.

Inaddition,somenoticeablegapshavebeenidentifiedintheexistingECliterature.First,inthecontextofdevelopingcountries,therearelimitedempiricalstudiesonECtechnologyadoptionbylargeorganizations.Bycontrast,manystudiesexplorethediffusionofECtechnologiesamongsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises（SMEs）,primarilyusingsurveys.Second,mostofthesestudies,especiallyintheSoutheastAsiaregion,exploreonlygeneralECtechnologyandpractices（includingBusiness-to-CustomersECandgenerale-mailpractices）.OnlyahandfulofstudiesassessabroadrangeofECtechnologiessuchasEDI,e-auctions,EFT,andotherB2BECinitiatives?

.Furthermore,duetotheexclusionofthestudycontext,therehavebeensomeconflictingfindingsregardingtheimpactofadoptionfactorsonactualadoption?

.Inaddition,severalexistingstudiesaggregatetheadoptionexperienceacrossmultipleindustrieswithinacountryusingquantitativemethods.Therefore,adetailedunderstandingoforganizations’adoptionexperienceislacking?

.Onlyafewauthorsfocusonaspecificindustryandemployaqualitativemethod,forexample,UtomoandDodgson?

whoconcentrateonIndonesia'smanufacturingofindustrialproducts,andKurnia?

whofocusesontheChinesegroceryindustry.TheexistingqualitativestudiesonECadoptionarealsogenerallydescriptiveinnature.Typically,theyidentifyanumberofadoptionfactors,whichareoftengroupedintotechnological,organizationalandenvironmentalcontextsbutgenerallylacktheoreticalexplanationsoftheunderlyingmechanismsoftheinfluence.

Thus,insummary,wearguethatthereiscurrentlyalackofrichunderstandingoftheB2BECadoptionphenomenonindevelopingcountriesduetothedominanceofquantitativestudiesandthelimitedapplicationofadoptiontheories?

.Infact,theadoptionprocessinvolvesdynamicinteractionsamongsocial,legal,economic,politicalandtechnologicalfactorsthatcallformorestudiesinvolvingseveraltheoreticalperspectivestobetterunderstandtheadoptionphenomenonindifferentcontextsofdevelopingcountries.Eachdevelopingcountrymayhavespecificcontextualfactorsinvolvingdifferentdynamicsandinterplays,whichmayhavedifferingeffectsontheadoptionphenomenon.In-depthstudiesofhowB2BECtechnologyisadoptedinacontextthathasnotyetbeenthoroughlyinvestigatedthuscontributetothecurrentknowledgeinthisarea.

2.OverviewoftheIndonesiangroceryindustry

Indonesiahasmanynaturalresources,anditseconomicpositionhasdevelopedrapidly.TheIndonesianeconomyisranked16th?

onaglobalscalebasedonGDP,anditspurchasingpowerisranked15th.Indonesiahasbeenanimportanttradingpartnerformanycountries,includingChina,India,Australiaandmanyotherdevelopednations?

.Inparticular,foreignretailersquitenaturallyseektodevelopapresenceinanycountrywithalargepopulationbase.Inaddition,givenyearsofcontinuousimpressiveandsustainedeconomicgrowthinIndonesiaduringthe1990s,thegroceryindustrypresentedtremendouspotentialforfuturegrowthintheeyesofforeignretailers?

.

StronggrowthinIndonesians’personaldisposableincomehasledtosteadyescalationingroceryretailsalessincetheendofthe20thcentury.Thisreflectsasubstantialincreaseintheminimumwage,highinflationrates,andrecoveryfromthe1998crisis.Indonesiaisviewedasamarketthatiscloselyassociatedwithcontinuouseconomicrecoveryandsteadyadoptionofconsumerism.In2002,retailsalesinIndonesiaamountedtonearlyUS$7billion,andthesectoremployedapproximately17.7%ofIndonesian'stotallabor.In2012,groceryretailsalesinIndonesiaamountedtoapproximatelyUS$36billionandareestimatedtoincreasetoUS$64billionby2016?

.ThesefiguresshowthepotentialimpactofthegroceryindustryonIndonesia'soveralleconomicsituationforyearstocome.

ThecurrentIndonesiangroceryretailmarketcanbedividedintothetraditionalmarketformat,whichincludestraditionalstoresandwetmarkets,andthemodernmarketformat,whichincludesminimarkets（conveniencestores）,supermarkets,andhypermarkets.Inurbanareas,thehighconcentrationofdifferentretailtypeshasintensifiedcompetition.Hypermarkets,withtheirlargeproductofferingsofapproximately60,000items,arestronglycompetingwithsupermarketsformarketshare,andbothareintightcompetitionwiththetraditionalmarketformat.Thetraditional