外文翻译中国的城市化进程和农业人口的转型.docx

外文翻译中国的城市化进程和农业人口的转型.docx

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外文翻译中国的城市化进程和农业人口的转型

中文4060字

本科毕业论文外文翻译

TheTransformationoftheAgriculturalPopulationandtheUrbanisationProcessinChina

ZhangWenxianJiangXiaorong

Chinahasapopulationofoveronebillionpopulation,800millionofwhomarefarmers.ItisbecauseofthisthatChinaneedstobebuiltintoasocialistcountrywithitsowncharacteristics.ThereisanoldChinesesaying:

"afestivalwillbebetterwithfewerpeople,butfarmingbetterwithmorehands".Duetothepresentconditionofmorepeoplebutlessfarmland,however,morehandsmaynotnecessarilybenefitfarming.Iffivepeoplefarmlandjustenoughforthree,naturally,productivitydecreases.Inthecourseofthemodernisationofagriculture,moreandmorelabourwillbeincreasinglyreplacedbymachines.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceintheSecondBrigadeoftheFifthBranchoftheNationalFriendshipFarminHeilongjiangProvincesincenewagriculturalmachinerywasadoptedin1978.Initiallytherewere236farmersand15,000mu（onemu=0.067hectare）ofcultivatedland.Sincenewmachineswereintroduced,farmlandhasexpandedto19,400mu,butonly20farmersareneeded.Thatistosay,theareaoffarmlandperfarmerhasincreasedfrom63muto971mu.Asaresult,nearly300labourershavebeenfreedfromfarming,someofwhomwenttoreclaimwasteland,andtheotherstoworkonwaterconservationprojects.

Facedwiththeneedtomoderniseagriculture,wecanneitheruselargenumbersofmachinestopushasidelabour,norslowdownthepaceofmodernisationbecauseofthelargepopulation.Thisisthepopulationproblemassociatedwithagriculturalmodernisation.

InChina,80percentofnewlabourersareannuallyprovidedwithjobsinthecountryside.However,onlyincombinationwiththemeansofproductioncanlabourersrealisetheirproductivecapacity.Sothefirstcontradictionwefaceisthatofmorepeoplefarminglessland.Between1952and1978,theagriculturallabourforceincreasedby73percent,butthefarmlandin1977decreasedbyeightpercent.Theaveragefarmlandperlabourerisnowonlyfivemu.Therefore,itisdifficulttoincreaseproductivitywithmoreandmorelabourersworkingonlessandlessfarmland.

Anothercontradictionisthatofthelargepopulationwiththemechanisationofagriculture.Sinceliberation,Chinahasintroducedmorefarmmachines,includingmorethan600,000largeandmedium-sizedtractors.Thetotalpowerofagriculturalmachineryhasincreasedfrom1.65millionhorsepowerin1957to180millionhorsepoweratpresent.Sinceagriculturalmachineryandtheagriculturallabourforceincreasedsimultaneously,theresulthasbeenthateitherthemanpowerormachineswerethenleftunused;alternatively,neithermachinesnormanpowerwereefficientlyused.

Thethirdcontradictionisbetweenpopulationgrowthandtheimprovementofpopulationquality.Sinceliberation,grainoutputhasincreasedcontinuouslyaswellastheincomeinthecountryside.However,asmostoftheincreasedwealthwasconsumedbythenewincreasesinpopulation,thedevelopmentoftheagriculturaleconomyandotherundertakingshasbeenseriouslyretarded.Thestateandthecollectivethenhavehadnomeans,financialorotherwise,todevelopcultureandeducationinthecountryside.Thus,labourerscouldnotgetenougheducation,andfurthertrainingforfarmersalsobecameimpossible.Moreover,therewerenotenoughtrainedpeopletospreadnewagriculturaltechnologyandscientificmethodsoffarming.ThisproblemwillcertainlybecomemoreseriousinthecourseofmodernisingChineseagriculture.

TheessentialwaytodevelopChina'sagricultureistocarryoutmodernisation,whichimpliesthatthedivisionofworkbemorespecialised,thetechnologymoreadvanced,andnewbranchesofworkmoredeveloped.Alloftheseareprerequisitesforincreasedemploymentandthetransformationofagriculturallabour.

Theaimsofthemodernisationaretoequipagriculturewithmodernscientifictechnologyandmodernindustry,tousemoderneconomicmanagement,andtoraisetheutilisationratioandtheproductivityoflandandlabour.

Themodernisationofagriculturemaybasicallybedividedintotwocategories:

oneisthemodernisationofthetoolsofproduction,i.e.mechanisationofagriculture;theotherisadvancesinthefieldofbiochemicaltechnology,suchastheimprovementofconditionsandtechniquesofproduction.

Modernisationshouldbeaccomplishedstepbystep.First,weshouldsubstituteagriculturalmachineryforheavymanuallabourtofreefarmersfromtraditionalmodespractisedforhundredsofyears.Thiswouldmeantransplantingriceshootswithoutbendingover,andcarryingloadswithoutusingshoulders.Second,weshouldusemachinerytoincreaseefficiency,especiallyinthebusyseasons.Third,weshouldrelyonmachinerytopromotethespecialisationandsocialisationofagricultural