气象科技英语翻译.docx
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气象科技英语翻译
气象科技英语翻译
Likeafishintheocean,manisconfinedtoaveryshallowlayerofatmosphere.ThegaseousenvelopeoftheEarthisphysicallyinhomogeneousinboththeverticalandhorizontaldirections,althoughthehorizontalinhomogeneityismuchlessmarkedthantheverticalinhomogeneity.
Variouscriteriahavebeendevisedfordividingtheatmosphereintolayers.Thisdivisioncanbebasedonthenatureoftheverticaltemperatureprofile,onthegaseouscompositionoftheairatdifferentaltitudes,andtheeffectoftheatmosphereonaircraftatdifferentaltitudes,etc.Thedivisionbasedonthevariationoftheairtemperaturewithaltitudeisusedmostcommonlyinthemeteorologicalliterature.
AccordingtoapublicationoftheagrologicalcommissionoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)in1961,theEarth’satmosphere,isdividedintofivemainlayers:
thetroposphere,thestratosphere,themesosphere,thethermosphereandtheexosphere.Theselayersareboundedbyfourthintransitionregions:
thetropospause,thestratospause,themesospause,thethermospause.
ThetroposphereisthelowerlayeroftheatmospherebetweentheEarth’ssurfaceandthetropopause.Thetemperaturedropswithincreasingheightinthetroposphere,atameanrateof6.5℃perkilometer(lapserate).Theupperboundaryofthetroposphereliesataheightofapproximately8to12kminthepolarandtropospherecontainsabout75%ofthetotalmassofatmosphericair,whileinthetropicsitcontainsabout90%.Thetropoauseisanintermediatelayerinwhicheitheratemperatureinversionoranisothermaltemperaturedistributionisobserved.
Thestratosphereistheatmosphericlayerabovethetroposphere.Inthestratospherethetemperatureeitherincreaseswithheightorremainsnearlyconstant.Inthelowerpartofthestratosphere(uptoapproximately20kmabovetheEarth’ssurface)thetemperatureispracticallyconstant(about-56℃).Whilefurtherupthetemperatureincreaseswithaltitudeatarateofabout1℃/kmatheightsof20to30kmandabout2.8℃/kmataltitudesfrom32to47km.Underthestandardconditionsthetemperatureatthe47kmlevelisnormally-2.5℃.
ThisincreaseintemperaturewithheightisduetotheabsorptionofUVsolarradiationbyozonemolecules.Itshouldbenotedthatabout99%ofthetotalmassofatmosphericairisconcentratedinthetroposphereandstratosphere,whichextenduptoanlatitudeof30or35km.Thestratopauseisanintermediatelayerbetweenthestratosphereandthemesosphere(inthealtituderegionfrom47to52km),inwhichthetemperatureremainsconstantatabout0℃.
Thethermosphereistheatmosphericlayerabovethemesopause.Thetemperatureinthislayerincreaseswithincreasingaltitude,reachingabout2000℃atabout450km,themeanheightoftheupperboundaryofthethermosphere.ThetemperatureincreaseinthislayerismainlycausedbytheabsorptionofUVsolarradiationbyoxygenmolecules,whichdissociateasaresultofthis.
Theexosphereisthefurthestoutandtheleaststudiedpartoftheupperatmosphere.Itislocatedabove450kmaltitude.Theairdensityintheexosphereissolowthatatomsandmoleculescanescapefromitintointerplanetaryspace.
Finally,alongwiththeabovedivisionoftheatmosphere,wewillalsomakeuseofadivisionbasedontheextentofatmosphericinteractionwiththeEarth’ssurface.Accordingtothisprincipe,theatmosphereisusuallydividedintoasocalledboundarylayer(sometimesalsocalledthefrictionlayer)andthefreeatmosphere.Theatmosphericboundarylayer(upto1or1.5km)isinfluencedconsiderablybytheEarth’ssurfaceandbyeddy-viscosityforces.Atthesametime,wecanneglect,asafirstapproximation,theinfluenceofeddy-viscosityforcesinthefreeatmosphere.
Ofalltheaboveatmosphericlayers,onlythetroposphere(especiallyitsboundarylayer)ischaracterizedbyamarkedinstabilityoftheverticaldistributionofthemeteorologicalparameters.Itisinthislayerthatbothtemperatureinversionsandsuperadiabatictemperaturevariationswithheightareobserved.
TheEarth’satmosphereisamixtureofgasesandaerosols,thelatterbeingthenamegiventoasystemcomprisedofsmallliquidandsolidparticlesdistributedintheair.
Airisnotaspecificgas:
rather,itisamixtureofmanygases.Someofthem,suchasnitrogen,oxygen,argon,neon,andsoon,mayberegardedaspermanentatmosphericcomponentsthatremaininfixedproportionstothetotalgasvolume.Otherconstituentssuchaswatervapor,carbondioxide,andozonevaryinquantityfromplacetoplaceandformtimetotime.
Theprincipalsourcesofnitrogen,themostabundantconstituentofair,aredecayingfromagriculturaldebris,animalmatter,andvolcaniceruption.Ontheothersideoftheledger,nitrogenisremovedfromtheatmospherebybiologicalprocess