兰州交通大学英语B班B卷二级.docx

兰州交通大学英语B班B卷二级.docx

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兰州交通大学英语B班B卷二级

PartIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（20points）（15minutes）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsontheAnswerSheet.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththegiveninformation;

N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictsthegiveninformation;

NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththegiveninformation.

FamilySociology

TheBasicFamilyStructures

Thestructureofthefamily,andtheneedsthatthefamilyfulfillsvaryfromsocietytosociety.Thenuclearfamily—twoadultsandtheirchildren—isthemainfamilyunitinmostwesternsocieties.Inothers,especiallyinAsiansocieties,itisasubordinatepartofanextendedfamilyunit,whichalsoconsistsofgrandparentsandotherrelatives.Athirdtypeoffamilyunit,whichisbecomingmoreprevalent,isthesingle-parentfamily,inwhichchildrenlivewithanunmarried,divorced,orwidowedmotherorfather.

HistoryandEvolutionoftheFamilyUnit

Thefamilyunitbeganprimarilyasaneconomicunit;menhunted,whilewomengatheredandpreparedfoodandtendedchildren.Infanticide（杀婴的习俗）andexpulsion（逐出）oftheinfirm（衰老体弱者）whocouldnotworkwerecommon.Later,withtheadventofChristianity,marriageandchildbearingbecamecentralconcernsinreligiousteaching.However,afterthereformation,whichbeganinthe1500s,thepurelyreligiousnatureoffamilytieswaspartlyabandonedinfavorofcivilbonds.Today,mostWesternnationsnowrecognizethefamilyrelationshipasprimarilyacivilmatterratherthanareligiousone.

TheModernFamily

Themodernfamilydiffersfromearliertraditionalforms,primarilyinitsfunctions,composition,andlifecycleandintherolesofhusbandsandwives.Manyofthefunctionsthatwereonceperformedbyorwithinthetraditionalfamilyunitarenowperformedbyorwithincommunityinstitutions,e.g.,economicproduction（work）,education,andrecreation.Inthemodernfamily,membersnowworkindifferentoccupationsandinlocationsawayfromthehome.Educationisprovidedbythestateorbyprivategroups.Organizedrecreationalactivitiesoftentakeplaceoutsidethehome.Thefamilyisstillresponsibleforthesocializationofchildren.Eveninthiscapacity,however,theinfluenceofpeersandofthemassmediahasassumedalargerrole.

Familycompositioninindustrialsocietieshasalsochangeddramatically.TheaveragenumberofchildrenborntoawomanintheUnitedStates,forexample,fellfrom7.0in1800to2.0bytheearly1990s.Consequently,thenumberofyearsseparatingthebirthsoftheyoungestandoldestchildrennormallydissolvedthroughthedeathofaspousebeforetheyoungestchildlefthome.Todayhusbandsandwivespotentiallyhaveaboutasmanyyearstogetherafterthechildrenleavehomeasbefore.

Duringthe20thcentury,extendedfamilyhouseholdsdeclinedinprevalence.Thischangeisassociatedparticularlywithincreasedresidentialmobilityandwithdiminishedfinancialresponsibilityofchildrenforagingparents,aspensionsfromjobsandgovernmentsponsoredbenefitsforretiredpeoplebecamemorecommon.

Bythe1970s,theprototypicalnuclearfamilyhadyieldedsomewhattomodifiedstructuresincludingtheone-parentfamily,thestepfamily,andthechildlessfamily.One-parentfamiliesinthepastwereusuallytheresultofthedeathofaspouse.Now,however,mostone-parentfamiliesaretheresultofdivorce,althoughsomearecreatedwhenunmarriedmothersbearchildren.In1991,morethanoneoutoffourchildrenlivedwithonlyoneparent,usuallythemother.Mostone-parentfamilies,however,eventuallybecametwo-parentfamiliesthroughremarriage.Astepfamilyiscreatedbyanewmarriageofasingleparent.Itmayconsistofaparentandchildrenandachildlessspouse,aparentandchildrenandaspousewhosechildrenliveelsewhere,ortwojoinedone-parentfamilies.Inastepfamily,problemsinrelationsbetweennon-biologicalparentsandchildrenmaygeneratetension;thedifficultiescanbeespeciallygreatinthemarriageofsingleparentswhenthechildrenofbothparentslivewiththemassiblings.

Childlessfamiliesmaybeincreasinglytheresultofdeliberatechoiceandtheavailabilityofbirthcontrol.Formanyyears,theproportionofcouplesthatwerechildlessdeclinedsteadilyasvenereal（性病）andotherdiseasesthatcauseinfertilitywereconquered.Inthe1970s,however,thechangesinthestatusofwomenreversedthistrend.Couplesoftenelecttohavenochildrenortopostponehavingthemuntiltheircareersarewellestablished.

Sincethe1960s,severalvariationsonthefamilyunithaveemerged.Moreunmarriedcouplesarelivingtogether,beforeorinsteadofmarrying.Someelderlycouples,mostofte