中山大学研究生英语期末考试题2培训讲学.docx

中山大学研究生英语期末考试题2培训讲学.docx

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中山大学研究生英语期末考试题2培训讲学

中山大学研究生英语期末考试题2

Passage1

OnemotivationalanalystwhobecamecurioustoknowtherehadbeensuchagreatriseinimpulsebuyingatsupermarketswasJamesVicary.Hesuspectedthatsomespecialpsychologymustbegoingoninsidethewomenastheyshoppedinsupermarkets.Hissuspicionwasthatperhapstheyunderwentsuchanincreaseintensionwhenconfrontedwithsomanypossibilitiesthattheywereforcedintomakingquickpurchases.Hesetouttofindoutifthiswastrue.Thebestwaytodetectwhatwasgoingoninsidetheshopperwasthroughtheuseofagalvanometerorliedetector.Thatobviouslywasimpractical.Thenextbestthingwastouseahiddenmotion-picturecameraandrecordtheeye-blinkrateofthewomenastheyshopped.Howfastapersonblinkshiseyesisaprettygoodindexofhisstateofinnertension.Theaverageperson,accordingtoMr.Vicary,normallyblinkshiseyesabout32timesaminute.Ifheistense,heblinksthemmorefrequently;and,underextremetension,hemayblinkupto50or60times.Ifheisnotablyrelaxed,ontheotherhand,hiseye-blinkratemaydroptoasubnormaltwentyorless.

Mr.Vicarysetuphiscamerasandstartedfollowingtheladiesastheyenteredthestore.Theresultswerestartling,eventohim.Theireye-blinkrate,insteadofgoinguptoindicatemountingtension,wentdownanddown,toaverysubnormalfourteenblinksaminute.TheladiesfellintowhatMr.Vicarycallsahypnoidaltrance,alightkindoftrancethat,heexplains,isthefirststageofhypnosis.Mr.Vicaryhasdecidedthatthemaincauseofthetranceisthatthesupermarketispackedwithproductswhichinformeryearswouldhavebeenitemsonlykingsandqueenscouldhaveaffordedandhereinthisfairylandtheywereavailabletoall.Mr.Vicarytheorizes:

“Justwithinthisgeneration,anyonecanbeakingorqueenandgothroughthesestoreswheretheproductssay‘buyme,buyme’.”

1Vicary’scuriositywasarousedbythefactthat_________.

A.therewasadecreaseinsalesinsupermarkets

B.womenwereshowingstrongresistancetoproductsinsupermarkets

C.thereseemedtobenologicinwomen’sbuyinghabits

D.womenwereshoppingverycarefully

2Accordingtothearticle,eye-blinkrateisanindicationof________.

A.thetruthorfalsityofastatement

B.thementalabilityofaperson

C.bloodpressure

D.theemotionalstateofaperson

3Mr.Vicary’stest________________.

A.provedhisoriginalhypothesistobetrue

B.provedthatthetensionofawomanshopper,afterenteringthestore,decreasedratherthanincreased

C.nullifiedtheeye-blinkrateasameasurementoftension

D.showedthatawoman’sreactiontotheproductsinasupermarketisimpossibletodetermine

4Afterhistests,Mr.Vicaryconcludedthat_____________.

A.shoppingwasapttocreateseriousnervousdisorders

B.asupermarketisafantasticplace

C.womenareentrancedbythemanywonderfulitemsavailableinsupermarkets

D.womendevelopaninferioritycomplexwheninsupermarkets

5Impliedbutnotstated:

_______________.

A.Quickpurchasesaretheresultofinnertension

B.Thefirststageofhypnosisisalighttrance

C.Researchconductedbymotivationanalysiscandisprovetheiroriginalpremises

D.Supermarketsseekingafairylandatmosphereshouldinstallhiddenmoviecameras

Passage2

Inscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobservedeventsthatarerelated.Atheoryofteninvolvesanimaginarymodelthathelpsscientistspicturethewayanobservedeventcouldbeproduced.Agoodexampleofthisisfoundinthekineticmoleculartheory,inwhichgasesarepicturedasbeingmadeupofmanysmallparticlesthatareinconstantmotion.

Ausefultheory,inadditiontoexplainingpastobservations,helpstopredicteventsthathavenotasyetbeenobserved.Afteratheoryhasbeenpublicized,scientistsdesignexperimentstotestthetheory.Ifobservationsconfirmthescientists’predictions,thetheoryissupported.Ifobservationsdonotconfirmthepredictions,thescientistsmustsearchfurther.Theremaybeafaultintheexperiment,orthetheorymayhavetoberevisedorrejected.

Scienceinvolvesimaginationandcreativethinkingaswellascollectinginformationandperformingexperiments.Factsbythemselvesarenotscience.AsthemathematicianJulesHenriPoincaresaid:

“Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.”

Mostscientistsstartaninvestigationbyfindingoutwhatotherscientistshavelearnedaboutaparticularproblem.Afterknownfactshavebeengathered,thescientistcomestothepartoftheinvestigationthatrequiresconsiderableimagination.Possiblesolutionstotheproblemareformulated.Thesepossiblesolutionsarecalledhypotheses.

Inaway,anyhypothesisisaleapintotheunknown.Itextendsthescientist’sthinkingbeyondtheknownfacts.Thescientistplansexperiments,performscalculations,andmakesobservationstotesthypotheses.Forwithouthypotheses,furtherinvestigationlackspurposeanddirection.Whenhypothesesareconfirmed,theyareincorporatedintotheories.

6“Bricks”arementionedinParagraph3toindicatehow_________.

A.mathematiciansapproachscience

B.buildingahouseislikeperformingexperiments

C.scienceismorethanacollectionoffacts

D.scientificexperimentshaveledtoimprovedtechnology

7Inthefourthparagraph,theauthorimpliesthatimaginationismostimportanttoscientistswhenthey________.

A.evaluatepreviousworkonaproblem

B.formulatepossiblesolutionstoaproblem

C.gatherknownfacts

D.closeaninvestigation

8Inthelastparagraph,theauthorreferstohypothesisas“aleapintotheunknown”inordertoshowthathypotheses________________.

A.aresometimesill-conceived

B.canleadtodangerousresults

C.gobeyondavailablefacts

D.requireefforttoformulate

9Inthelastparagraph,whatdoestheauthorimplyisamajorfunctionofhypotheses?

A.Siftingthroughknownfacts.

B.Communicatingascientist’sthoughtstoothers.

C.Providingdirectionforscientificresearch.

D.Linkingtogetherdifferenttheories.

10Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

A.Theoriesaresimplyimaginarymodelsofpastevents.

B.Itisbettertoreviseahypothesisthantorejectit.

C.Ascientist’smostdifficulttaskistestinghypotheses.

D.Agoodscientistneedstobecreative.

Passage3

Formostofus,theworkisthecentral,dominatingfactoflife.Wespendmorethanhalfourconscioushoursatwork,preparingforwork,travelingtoandfromwork.Whatwedotherelargelydeterminesourstandardoflivingandtoaconsiderableextentthestatusweareaccordedbyourfellowcitizensaswell.Itissometimessaidthatbecauseleisurehasbecomemoreimportanttheindignitiesandinjusticesofworkcanbepushedintoacorner,thatbecausemostworkisprettyintolerable,thepeoplewhodoitshouldcompensateforitsboredom,frustrationsandhumiliationsbyconcentratingtheirhopesontheotherpartsoftheirlives.Irejectthatasacounselofdespair.Fortheforeseeablefuturethematerialandpsychologicalrewardswhichworkcanprovide,andtheconditionsinwhichworkisdone,willcontinuetoplayavitalpartindeterminingthesatisfactionthatlifecanoffer.Yetonlyasmallminoritycancontrolthepaceatwhichtheyworkortheconditionsinwhichtheirworkisdone;onlyforasmallminoritydoesworkofferscopeforcreativity,imagination,orinitiative.

Inequalityatworkandinworkisstilloneofthecruelestandmostglaringformsofinequalityinoursociety.Wecannothopetosolvethemoreobviousproblemsofindustriallife,manyofwhicharisedirectlyorindirectlyfromthefrustrationscreatedbyinequalityatwork,unlesswetackleithead-on.Stilllesscanwehopetocreateadecentandhumanesociety.

Themostglaringinequalityisthatbetweenmanagersandtherest.Formostmanagers,workisanopportunityandachallenge.Theirjobsengagetheirinterestandallowthemtodeveloptheirabilities.Theyareconstantlylearning;theyareabletoexerciseresponsibility;theyhaveaconsiderabledegreeofcontrolovertheirownandothers’workinglives.Mostimportantofall,theyhaveopportunitytoinitiate.Bycontrast,formostmanualworkers,andforagrowingnumberofwhite-collarworkers,workisaboring,dull,evenpainfulexperience.Theyspendalltheirworkinglivesinconditionswhichwouldberegardedasintolerable---forthemselves---bythosewhotakethedecisionswhichletsuchconditionscontinue.Themajorityhavelittlecontrolovertheirwork;itprovidesthemwithnoopportunityforpersonaldevelopment.Oftenproductionissodesignedthatworkersaresimplypartofthetechnology.Inoffices,manyjobsaresoroutinethatworkersjustifiablyfeelthemselvestobemerecogsinthebureaucraticmachine.Asadirectconsequenceoftheirworkexperience,manyworkersfeelalienatedfromtheirworkandtheirfirm,whetheritisinpublicorinprivateownership.

11Inthewriter’sopinion,peoplejudgeothersby_________.

A.thetypeofworktheydo

B.theplacewheretheywork

C.thetimetheyspendatwork

D.theamountofmoneytheyearn

12Accordingtothewriter,inthefuture,workwill________.

A.matterlessthanitdoesnow

B.beasimportantasitisnow

C.bebetterpaidthanitisnow

D.offermoresatisfaction

13Whatdoesthewriterthinkisneededtosolveourindustrialproblems?

A.Areductioninthenumberofstrikes

B.Equalityinsalaries

C.Amoreequaldistributionofresponsibility

D.Animprovementinmoralstandards

14Whatadvan