第 12单元 动词7.docx

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第 12单元 动词7.docx

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第 12单元 动词7.docx

第12单元动词7

第12单元动词(7)

Ⅳ.动词的4个体

1148“体”(又叫动相)(Aspect)是动词值得注意的另一特点,它表示动作完成的程度。

12个时态不仅表示了时间,还表示了动作完成的程度,但时态的讨论还没有对完成程度作充分讨论。

为了更好地了解时态,须对“体”作一番研究。

一个动词有4个主要“体”,表示完成的四种程度。

它可以表示一个动作的全过程,它的开始,或终结,和它的反复。

体可以由单一动词表示,如blacken,marry,grumble,也可由动词短语表示,也就是一个动词和另外词的组合体,如getmarried,cometoterms,giveupgambling,talkandtalk,useup,ceasetoplay.

为了对4个体有所了解,请先看下面的句子:

Nowitwastimetheyate(全过程)theirlunch.Assoonasthemealwasready,Mothercried,“Washyourhands,John,beforeyoustarteating(动作的开始).”AboutthreeminutespassedandJohnwasalreadyfullup.“Youofteneat(反复动作)betweenmeals,soyouloseyourappetite.Washyourhandsagainafteryoufinisheating(动作结束).”

A.一般形式

1.一般体

1149我们先研究一下一般形式的4个体。

多数动词都表示一个动作的全过程,这种动词可以说属于一般体(SimpleAspect)。

这种体表示一个能延续较长时间的动作或状态,在不表示特殊体时都用这个体:

Hespoketome.HestudiedEnglish.Marywalkedtothedistanthill.Hewroteletters.(表示动作的动词)

Hehatesme.Iknowit.Ithinkyouareright.ThatbelongedtoMary.Thisresembledthat.(表示状态的动词)

Heisacrazyfellow.Thiscityseemsdirty.Shelookssad.

Thisfruittastessweet.(某些系动词)

2.起始体

1150先看下面这段短文:

Thesetwocountrieshadbeenatpeaceformany,manyyears.In1820,however,theyharshlycriticizedeachother,sotheirrelationsweretense.Afterayear,theyfoughtawar,whichcontinuedforfortyyears.Thentheirdiplomatsdiscussedhowtoendthebloodshed.Theytalkedfortenyearsbeforetheyagreed.

可以看出,斜体动词,从上下文判断,都表示重要的变化,但这些一般体的动词没有把变化清楚讲出。

现在再看下面短文,注意斜体动词及动词短语,如何清楚表现出新动作或状态的开始。

这些强调动作开头的动词或动词短语可说属于起始体(IngressiveAspect)。

由于它们也表示一个短暂的动作,这个体也可称作短暂体(InstantaneousAspect):

Thesetwocountrieshadbeenatpeaceformany,manyyears.In1820,however,theybegantoharshlycriticizeeachother,sotheirrelationsbecametense.Afterayear,theystartedawar,whichcontinuedforfortyyears.Thentheirdiplomatscametothetabletodiscusshowtoendthebloodshed.Theytalkedfortenyearsbeforetheyarrivedatanagreement.

1151从上面例子中可以看出,英语中有许多对动词或动词短语,如were和became,foughtawar和startedawar,agreed和arrivedatanagreement,意思相近,却属于不同的体。

在语法上,用哪种体都对,但在修辞上,选择能表示确切的体的词则更好一些。

在下面例子中,起始体由“i”表示,一般体由“s”表示:

a)Iknow(s)loveissacred;Ilearned(i)itwhenIwasamerechild.(起始体或一般体都可由一单个动词表示)

(若把know和learned,也就是一般体和起始体的位置互换,会使句子显得很别扭,尽管它们的意思相同。

Ihave(s)averylovelydog,andIgot(i)itfromafriend.

Ikeep(s)mybooksontheshelves,andIput(i)thembackeverytimeIusethem.

Ihaveemployed(s)thissecretaryforalongtime,andIengaged(i)herin1965.

Heborrowed(i)tenthousandpoundsfiveyearsago,andnowhestillowes(s)mefivehundred.

Iarrived(i)thereonApril1,andstayed(s)theretwomonths.

b)“Iknow(s)Johnverywell.”“Whendidyoumakehisacquaintance(i)?

”(起始体可以由动词短语表示)

AtfirstIthought(s)thatnobodycoulddothat,butthenitoccurred(i)tomethatJohncould.

Ican‘tremember(s)mypromiseunlessIamreminded(i)ofit.

Sincehewasfrightened(i)byaghost,hehasbeenafraid(s)togointhedark.

Heisinlovewith(s)Mary.Hefellinlovewith(i)herlastyear.

c)Hecannotwakeup(i)earlythismorning,becauselastnighthelayawake(s)allnight.

“Ihavenotseen(s)himforalongtime.Idon’trememberwhenIlostsightof(i)him.”“ButIcaughtsightof(i)himamongthecrowdtheotherday.”

Everyonelaughedandlaughed(s),exceptMary,whokeptseriousafewmoments,butthenburstforthlaughing(orcrying)(i).

Afterhespoke(s)tomefortwohours,Ibrokesilence(i).

d)Askhertowait.I‘llputon(i)mycoat.Itwouldbeimpolitetowear(s)thesepajamas.

Igotobed(i)atten,fallasleep(i)abouthalfanhourlater,andIsleep(s)eighthours.

Hehasheld(s)thepoliticalpowerfortenyears.

Heseizedholdof(i)itfromanotherparty.

ButIbelievehewilllosehisholdof(i)itverysoon.

Youcando(s)thejob,butwhencanyoubegin(orstart,commence)(i)it?

(commence为书面语)

Itiseasytomanage(orrun,handle,conduct)(s)thebusiness,butdifficulttostart(i)it.

Allofthemhadalreadystood(s)infrontoftheprincipal,andthenItookmyplace(i)besideLily.

e)Iamsick(s).Igotsick(i)twodaysagowhenIwalkedintherain.(有些系动词表示一般体,有些表示起始体。

Helooksold(s).Hegrewold(i)lastyear,whenhelosthiswife.

“Sheappearsmad(s).”“Sheis.Sheranmad(i)becauseallofherfoursonswerekilledonthebattlefield.”

“Shelookspale(s)”“Sheturnspale(i)everytimeshegetsfrightened.”

Heisarobber(s).Heturnedrobber(i)merelyforrevenge.

Hecommencedwriter(i)inthebeginningofthiscentury,andisawriter(s)ofinternationalfametoday.

Heisavictim(s)oflove.Hedoesnotknowhowandwhenhefellavictim(i)tohercharms.

Athingbecomesofgreatimportance(i)themomentyouTHINKitis(s).

f)“Imustsetitright(i).”“Yes,ifyoudonotthinkitright(s).”(起始体或一般体也可由宾补动词和宾语补语表示出来)

Thechildrenmakethefloordirty(i).Theirmotherleavesitdirty(s)anddoesn’tcare.

“Iconsiderthesituationdifficult(s)”“Butwhorendersitso(i)?

Ifounditclean(s)enough.Maybethemaidhadwasheditclean(i).

(其他起始体动词还有paintitred,cutitshort,raiseithigh,breakitopen,etc.)

Letussettheballflying(=maketheballfly)(i).

Thisaccidentsetusthinking(i).

Hestartedthemachinegoing(i).

1152一般体的动词可以在前面加一个begin或其同义词使它变为起始体:

Webegan(orstarted)tostudypoetry.

Webegan(orstarted)playingagame.

Hecommencedlookingforawife.

IstartedintowriteastoryafterIhadlearnedtherules.

Westartedouttopractiseassurgeonsafterweweregraduated.

Wesetabouttorepairtheroadimmediatelyafteritwasbombed.

Itsetintosnow(orsnowing).

Wefelltoeatingtheroastpigeonsassoonaseveryonewaspresent.

Hecouldfindnoothersolace,sohetooktodrinking.

Hewasextremelystubborn,butfinallyhecametoseehisownfault.

Atfirstheneglectedmyadvice.Atlasthegottobelieveit.

Hehadbeenaplayboyfortwoyears.

Intheendhegrewtoknowthedanger.

1153包含to或into的动词短语可能是起始体,除非这些介词只表示方向:

a)Theycametoblows(=begantofight),cametoanunderstanding(=begantounderstandeachother),cametologgerheads(=begantoquarrel),cametoman‘sestate(=begantoreachmanhood).

Itcametothefront(=begantobeprominent),cametoourknowledge(=begantobeknowntous),cametolight(=begantobedisclosed),cametoastandstill(=begantobestagnant).

Theywenttolaw(=beganasuitinalaw-court),wenttobed(=begantorest),wenttobad(=begantobedebauched),rosetoeminence(=begantobeeminent).

b)Itcameintoforce(=begantobeenforced),cameintouse(=begantobeused),cameintoexistence(=begantoexist),cameintosight(=begantobeseen).

TheyfellintocompanywithJohn(=begantoknowJohn),fellintoerror(=begantomakemistakes),fellintotheshade(=begantobeobscure),fellintothehandsoftheenemy(=begantobecontrolledbytheenemy).

Theyenteredintocorrespondence(ornegotiation,agreement,awar,acontract)withus(=begantocorrespond,negotiate,etc.,withus).

Theysankintopoverty(=begantobepoor).

Theyturned(orchanged,translated,transformed)thisintothat.

Heunited(ormixed)thesethingsintoone.

Hedividedoneintomany.

Itgrew(ordeveloped,degenerated,ripened)intosomethingdifferent.

1154由take开始的动词短语可能是起始体:

Hetookafancy(oraliking)toit(=begantolikeit),tookaninterestinit(=begantonoticeit),tookoverthegovernment(=begantocontrolthegovernment),tookchargeofthebusiness(=begantomanageit),tookpityonhim(=begantopityhim),tookpossessionof(=tookover)theproperty.

1155祈使句中的谓语动词(即使是一般体动词)也总是起始体,因为动词表示的动作要求开始进行:

Comehere.Doitatonce.Loveyourneighbours.

Hateyourenemy.Knowyourself.Beagoodboy.Leteverybodymindhisownbusiness.

1156有些一般体动词偶尔也可用作起始体动词:

Whenhetoldmethenews,Iwasaware(=begantoknow)thattherumourwasfalse.

Hesawthebrokenwindowandwas(=became)immediatelyangry.

Sincehewas(=got)married,hehasbeenadifferentman.

Heisjustdead(=hasjustdied).

Ifirstknewhim(=madehisacquaintance)in1960.

Helaydownandslept(=fellasleep).

Youwillseeherandlove(=fallinlovewith)her.

IhavethoughthimagoodworkersinceIemployed(=engaged)him.

3.终结体

1157有些动词或动词短语,表示一个动作的结束,这类动词则属于终结体(TerminativeAspect)。

1158有些系动词表示终结体:

Heproved(tobe)honest.(=Hewasfinallyfoundtobehonest.)

Shegrewup(tobe)aprettygirl.

Heturnedout(=proved)agoodman.

Hecameoutadifferentman.

Hewentoffavictor.

Heemergedavictor.

1159一般体的动词,如在前面加finish或其同义词,可以变为终结体:

Weshouldnowstopquarrelling(=quarrelnomore).

Canbegiveupsmoking?

Pleasequit(orleaveoff)playingtricks.

Heceasedtosell(orselling)appleslongago.

1160包含有up,down,out,through,away等副词的动词短语可以表示终结体,除非这些副词表示方向:

a)Everythingwasburnedup.(up表示“彻底地”)

Theriverdriedup.

Hetied(orfastened,locked,chained,sealed,screwed,packed,shut,folded)itup.

Heset(ormix,fix)itup.

b)Thetempestdieddown.(down表示减少到较少程度或完全消失)

Theclockrandown.

Theshoesworedown.

Thefactory(was)closeddown.

Therevolution(was)calmeddown.

Slowdownthecar.

Thefireburneddown.

Imustquietdownhisexcitedmind.

c)Iwillcarrythroughthetask.(through表示完成)Shegotthrough(=passed)theexam.

Hewillreadthebookthrough.

Isawthematterthrough(fromthebeginningtotheend).

Gothroughwiththenovel.

Whenwillyoubethroughwith(=finish)mybook?

d)Thefireburneditselfout(orburnednomore).Shehadhersleepout(=slepttoherheart’scontent).Hesatouttheplay(=satuntilitwasfinished).Hesleptoutthenight.

Hecan‘tholdout(=enduretotheend).

Thefire(orThecup,Thepurse,Thecopyright,Theweek)isout(=isfinished).

e)Thewaterboiledaway.

Hislasthopefadedaway.

1161包含till,to或into的动词短语,若表示动作的结果或结束,也属于终结体:

Helivedtillninety-nine.

Heworkeduntilmidnight.

Hewasbeatentilldeath.

Shecriedherselftosleep.

H

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