实习一指导书.docx

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实习一指导书

Lab.01:

IntroductiontoENVI4.5(ENVI简介)

NotethatthereisaworksheetattheendofthisLabwrite-upthatyoumustturninattheendofthelabperiod.(实验后有一些问题,完成这些问题,并于实习结束后上交)

ENVIisapowerfulsoftwarepackagethatisarguablythemostcommonlyused(althoughtherearemanyothergoodpackages)byremotesensingscientistsformanipulatingandanalyzingdata.Inthisexerciseyouwillfamiliarizeyourselveswithitscapabilities.Probablythebestwaytogetstartedwithanycomplexsoftwareistoexplorethevariousmenusandbuttonstoseewhatkindsoftasksthesoftwarecando.

ENVIInstallation(安装)

Clickfile‘envi45winx86_32.exe’,afterfinishinstallingthisfile,copy“idl.dll”incracktodirector“C:

\ProgramFiles\ITT\IDL70\bin\bin.x86”,thancopyfolder“licence”todirector“C:

\ProgramFiles\ITT”

UsingENVIHelpDocuments(帮助文档)

Clickmenu:

Themostusefulforthisclassisaccessedbyclickingonthelittlequestionmark(?

)ontheupperrightsideoftheENVIinterface.

OpeningImages(打开影像)

1)StartENVI.

2)Let’sopenaLandsatThematicMapper(TM)imageinfolder“TM20080802”.Clickasthisfollowingfigureshow.

3)Inthisfolderisafoldercalled“SCENE01”,inthisfolder,choose“header.dat”andclickOK.Itshouldopen.

4)Openanimageingrayscale(灰度影像).

Inthe“availablebandlists”,chooseanyoneband,click“grayscale”whichisadefaultoption,andclick“loadband”,thenthisimageisshowinginthreewindows,oneisforimage,oneisforscroll,oneisforzoom.

Nowlet’sopenasecondwindowsothatyoucandisplaytwoimagessidebyside.Chooseanotheroneband,andclick“NoDisplay”,choose“NewDisplay”,click“LoadBand”,thenthisimageisshowinginanotherthreewindows

5)openanimageinRGBColor(彩色影像).

Chooseoption“RGBColor”whichisnexttooption“GrayScale”.ThenchooseonebandforchannelR,anotheronebandforChannelG,andanotheroneforChannelB,thenclick“loadband”

 

6)ChangingtheColorScheme(改变配色方案,即选择不同的波段分别赋给R、G、B三个通道,查看合成结果)

Theappearanceofanimagedependsonhowyouchoosetoassignthethreeadditiveprimarycolors(red,greenandblue)tosatelliteimagebands(alsocalledspectralbandsorchannels).Theconventionistoassignwhicheverspectralbandcorrespondstonearinfrared(NIR)tothecolorred.

TheTMimagethatyouareusinghas7spectralbands,numbered1–7,eachofwhichhascapturedadifferentpartoftheelectromagneticspectrum.Nowyouwilltrytochangethebandsthatareassignedtotheprimarycolorstomaketheimagelooklikewhatyouwouldseewithyoureye(orwithaconventionalcamera).Noticethattherearevariouscontrolsforchangingtheappearanceofimages.Experimentwithvariousbandcombinationswiththegoalofmakinganimagelooklikeitwouldlooktoyoureye.Notethatanystandingwaterwillbedark,vegetationwillbegreenish.Ontheworksheet,recordthebandtoprimarycolorcombinationsthatresultin“truecolor.”

 

GettingInformationaboutanImage(获取影像信息)

Oftenyouneedtogatherbasicinformationaboutimagefiles.First,someterminology:

“Raster”isthetechnicaltermforimageorGISdatathatarecomposedofpixelsarrangedinrows(orlinesorrecords)andcolumns(orsamples).Eachx,y(row,column)gridcelliscalleda“pixel”(justlikeinyourdigitalcamera).(栅格数据)

“Vector”isthetechnicaltermforGISpoint,line,andpolygondataincomputer(digital)format.Vectordataarecomposedofthex,ycoordinatesofpointsandinformationaboutifandhowthepointsareconnectedintolinesorareas(polygons).(矢量数据)

AlayerinENVIiseitherasinglerastersatellitebandoravectordataset.(ENVI中图层可以是栅格也可以是矢量)

Afile(e.g.animagefile)canhaveoneorseverallayers.(一个影像文件中可有一个或多个图层)

Getthemapinformation:

Click⊕infrontof“mapinfo”in“availablebandlist”,thenyouwillseethemapinformationforthisimage.Readcarefullysothatyoucananswertheworksheetquestions.(获取地图信息)

RightClickontheLayerInfoiconatthetopofyour“availablebandlists”andchoose“EditHeader”.Awindowwillopenthatincludessomebasicinformationaboutthisfile,includingthenumberoflayers(bands),thenumberofcolumns(width)androws(height),thetypeofdata.(查看文件的基本信息)

RightClickontheLayerInfoiconatthetopofyour“availablebandlists”andchoose“QuickStats”.Afterafewminutes,awindowwillopenthatincludessomebasicinformationaboutthisfile,includingtheminimum,maximumandmeanpixelvaluesandotherinformationforeachband.Exploresomeofthetabsonthisinformationwindow(andanswertheworksheetquestions).(查看文件的统计信息)

 

LinkingandUnlinkingImagesinSeparateGraphicsWindows(影像关联及解除影像关联)

Itisoftenusefulto“Link”viewerstogethersothatyoucanidentifythesamelocationintwoormoreimages.Gobacktoyour“Availablebandlist”,clicktwodifferentbandsonebyoneanddisplaythemintwodifferentwindows.Inanyoneimage,clickasthefollowingfigureshow:

(基于像素的关联)

Awindowdisplayedas:

ClickOK,thenthosetwoimageslinked.

ClickCursorlocations/valueasthefollowingfigureshow:

Ifyourimagesarelinked,redrectangleswillappearinbothimages(iftheyaren’tlinkedthewhitecrosswillonlyappearintheactiveimage)andawindowwillpopupthatcontainsinformationabouttheexactpixelattheintersectionoftherectangles.Movetherectanglearoundwithyourmouseandnotethatitmovesinbothimages.

Theabovemethodisalinkbasedonimagepixel.Pleasetrytolinktoimagebasedongeographicallocations.(基于地理位置的关联)

 

Worksheet:

Lab01:

IntroductionToENVI

(作业,要求每个题在必要的地方要截图,对结果仔细分析后回答问题)

1.Whataretherolesofthethreedifferentwindowsforoneimage?

(影像显示时,三个不同窗口的作用是什么?

窗口组成:

主图像窗口、滚动窗口、缩放窗口。

1)主图像Image窗口:

(400*400)100%显示(全分辨率显示)scroll的方框,可交互式分析、查询信息。

主图像窗口内的功能菜单:

在主图像窗口内点击鼠标右键,切换隐藏子菜单的开启和关闭。

该"Functions"菜单控制所有的ENVI交互显示功能,这包括:

图像链接和动态覆盖;空间和波谱剖面图;对比度拉伸;彩色制图;诸如ROI的限定、光标位置和值、散点图和表面图等交互特征;诸如注记、网格、图像等值线和矢量层等的覆盖(叠置);动画以及显示特征。

2)滚动Scroll窗口:

全局,重采样(降低分辨率)显示一幅图像。

只有要显示的图像比主图像窗口能显示的图象大时,才会出现滚动窗口。

滚动窗口位置和大小最初在envi.cfg文件中被设置并且可以被修改。

3)缩放Zoom窗口:

(200*200)显示image的方框。

缩放系数(用户自定义)出现在窗口标题栏的括号中。

 

2.Whatistheprojectionofthisimage?

whatisthepixelspatialresolution?

(给定影像的投影方式是什么?

空间分辨率是多少?

投影方式:

TransverseMercator

空间分辨率:

25M

3.DescribetheTMimagethatyouoriginallyopenedusingthestandardfalsecolorcomposition(标准假彩色合成)(inanRGBimage,Band4(近红外波段)forchannelR(红通道),Band3(红波段)forchannelG(绿通道),Band2(绿波段)forchannelB)(蓝通道).(影像的彩色合成)

a.Whatcoloristhevegetationsurroundingtown?

Why?

(城区外围植被是什么颜色,为什么?

红色

植被红边效应:

由于叶色素和细胞壁的纤维素是透明的缘故,植被在近红外区域形成高反射区,在红波段的边缘具有明显的反射凸起。

b.Whatcoloristhewaterbody?

Why?

(水体是什么颜色,为什么?

黑色

在自然条件下,在近红外和中红外波段,水体吸收了所有的入射光

4.DescribetheTMimagethatyouoriginallyopenedusinganotherfalsecolorcomposition(另一种假彩色合成)(inanRGBimage,Band5forchannelR,Band4forchannelG,Band3forchannelB).(影像的彩色合成)

a.Whatcoloristhevegetationsurroundingtown?

Why?

(城区外围植被是什么颜色,为什么?

绿色

b.Whatcoloriswaterbody?

Why?

(水体是什么颜色,为什么?

黑色

在自然条件下,在近红外和中红外波段,水体吸收了所有的入射光

5.Whatbandandcolorcombinationsarerequiredtomaketheimagelooklikewhatyoureyewouldsee(“truecolor”)?

(如何合成一景真彩色影像?

a.Whatcoloristhevegetationsurroundingtown?

Why?

(城区外围植被是什么颜色,为什么?

(R:

24G:

26B:

55)

b.Whatcoloriswaterbody?

Why?

(水体是什么颜色,为什么?

墨绿色(R:

31G:

41B:

69)

c.Pleasemakeacomparisonofthevegetationcolor,waterbodycolorbasedontheresultsfromquestions3,4and5.(对3,4,5中植被、水体的颜色作一个对比.)

 

6.BasedontheLayerInformationwindowprovidethefollowinginformationabouttheTMimagefile:

(TM影像的相关信息)

a.Howmanybandsdoestheimagehave?

(影像有几个波段?

7

b.WhatisthemeanpixelvalueforBand4?

(第4个波段像素DN值的平均值是多少?

106.119806

c.WhatistheminimumpixelvalueforBand2?

(第2个波段像素DN值的最小值是多少?

0

d.Whatisthehistogramforallbandslikeinthisimage?

(显示该影像所有波段的直方图。

7.Linkband2andband6basedongeographicallocations:

(基于地理位置对波段2和波段6进行关联)

a.WhataretheDNvaluesofwaterbodysurroundingforbiddencityinband2andband6?

(波段2和波段6中紫禁城外水体的DN值各是什么?

b.WhataretheDNvaluesofvegetationinTiantanParkinband2andband6?

(波段2和波段6中天坛公园植被的DN值各是什么?

 

Lab02:

ConvertingRadiancetoReflectance

(辐射率到反射率的转换)

Notethatthereisaworksheetattheendofthislabwrite-upthatyoumustturninattheendofthelabperiod.(实验后有一些问题,完成这些问题,并于是实习结束后上交)

TodaywewillusesomeENVItoolstoconvertwhatthesatellitemeasures,calledradiance,tothecharacteristicabilityofmaterialsonthegroundtoreflectlight(reflectance).Therearemanyconceptsintoday’slabthatwehavediscussedinmuchmoredetailinthepastfewweeks,rememberingthatreflectanceisNOTdirectlymeasuredbysatellitesandmustinsteadbecalculated.

First,somedefinitions:

DigitalNumber(DN)–theunitlessintegerthatasatelliteusestorecordradiance(e.g.0–255where0=noradianceand255=somemaximumamountofradiancethatthesensorissensitiveto).EachimagepixelhasoneDNforeachband.(DN值)

Radiance(L)–theamountoflightreceivedataparticularplace,inthiscaseasatellite(watts/m2/sr).(辐射率)

Irradiance(E)–theamountofincominglightfromthesun(eitheratthegroundoratthetopoftheatmosphere(TOA)(watts/m2).(入射辐射)

Reflectance(r)–theamountoflightthatreflectsoffofsomethingdividedbytheamountofincominglight(oftengivenasafractionorapercent).(反射率)

Transmittance(t)–theproportionoflightthatistransmittedthroughsomething(e.g.,throughtheearth’satmosphere),usuallygivenasafraction.(透过率)

Thefundamentaltaskinremotesensingisdistinguishingobjects(e.g.,plants,rocks)orp

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