汽车 悬架系统外文翻译.docx

汽车 悬架系统外文翻译.docx

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汽车悬架系统外文翻译

附录I

Suspensionsystems

Whenpeoplethinkofautomobileperformance,theynormallythinkofhorsepower,torqueandzero-to-60acceleration.Butallofthepowergeneratedbyapistonengineisuselessifthedrivercan'tcontrolthecar.That'swhyautomobileengineersturnedtheirattentiontothesuspensionsystemalmostassoonastheyhadmasteredthefour-strokeinternalcombustionengine.

Double-wishbonesuspensiononHondaAccord2005Coupe

Thejobofacarsuspensionistomaximizethefrictionbetweenthetiresandtheroadsurface,toprovidesteeringstabilitywithgoodhandlingandtoensurethecomfortofthepassengers.Inthisarticle,we'llexplorehowcarsuspensionswork,howthey'veevolvedovertheyearsandwherethedesignofsuspensionsisheadedinthefuture.

Ifaroadwereperfectlyflat,withnoirregularities,suspensionswouldn'tbenecessary.Butroadsarefarfromflat.Evenfreshlypavedhighwayshavesubtleimperfectionsthatcaninteractwiththewheelsofacar.It'stheseimperfectionsthatapplyforcestothewheels.AccordingtoNewton'slawsofmotion,allforceshavebothmagnitudeanddirection.Abumpintheroadcausesthewheeltomoveupanddownperpendiculartotheroadsurface.Themagnitude,ofcourse,dependsonwhetherthewheelisstrikingagiantbumporatinyspeck.Withoutaninterveningstructure,allofwheel'sverticalenergyistransferredtotheframe,whichmovesinthesamedirection.Insuchasituation,thewheelscanlosecontactwiththeroadcompletely.Then,underthedownwardforceofgravity,thewheelscanslambackintotheroadsurface.Whatyouneedisasystemthatwillabsorbtheenergyoftheverticallyacceleratedwheel,allowingtheframeandbodytorideundisturbedwhilethewheelsfollowbumpsintheroad.

Acar'ssuspension,withitsvariouscomponents,providesallofthesolutionsdescribed.

CarSuspensionParts

Thesuspensionofacarisactuallypartofthechassis,whichcomprisesalloftheimportantsystemslocatedbeneaththecar'sbody.

Thesesystemsinclude:

∙Theframe-structural,load-carryingcomponentthatsupportsthecar'sengineandbody,whichareinturnsupportedbythesuspension

∙Thesuspensionsystem-setupthatsupportsweight,absorbsanddampensshockandhelpsmaintaintirecontact

∙Thesteeringsystem-mechanismthatenablesthedrivertoguideanddirectthevehicle

∙Thetiresandwheels-componentsthatmakevehiclemotionpossiblebywayofgripand/orfrictionwiththeroad

Sothesuspensionisjustoneofthemajorsystemsinanyvehicle.

Withthisbig-pictureoverviewinmind,it'stimetolookatthethreefundamentalcomponentsofanysuspension:

springs,dampersandanti-swaybars.

Springs

Today'sspringingsystemsarebasedononeoffourbasicdesigns:

Coilsprings-Thisisthemostcommontypeofspringandis,inessence,aheavy-dutytorsionbarcoiledaroundanaxis.Coilspringscompressandexpandtoabsorbthemotionofthewheels.

Leafsprings-Thistypeofspringconsistsofseverallayersofmetal（called"leaves"）boundtogethertoactasasingleunit.Leafspringswerefirstusedonhorse-drawncarriagesandwerefoundonmostAmericanautomobilesuntil1985.Theyarestillusedtodayonmosttrucksandheavy-dutyvehicles.

Coilsprings

PhotocourtesyHowStuffWorksShopper

Leafspring

∙Torsionbars-Torsionbarsusethetwistingpropertiesofasteelbartoprovidecoil-spring-likeperformance.Thisishowtheywork:

Oneendofabarisanchoredtothevehicleframe.Theotherendisattachedtoawishbone,whichactslikealeverthatmovesperpendiculartothetorsionbar.Whenthewheelhitsabump,verticalmotionistransferredtothewishboneandthen,throughtheleveringaction,tothetorsionbar.Thetorsionbarthentwistsalongitsaxistoprovidethespringforce.Europeancarmakersusedthissystemextensively,throughthe1950sand1960s.

Torsionbar

∙Airsprings-Airsprings,whichconsistofacylindricalchamberofairpositionedbetweenthewheelandthecar'sbody,usethecompressivequalitiesofairtoabsorbwheelvibrations.Theconceptisactuallymorethanacenturyoldandcouldbefoundonhorse-drawnbuggies.Airspringsfromthiseraweremadefromair-filled,leatherdiaphragms,muchlikeabellows;theywerereplacedwithmolded-rubberairspringsinthe1930s.

Airsprings

Basedonwherespringsarelocatedonacar--i.e.,betweenthewheelsandtheframe--engineersoftenfinditconvenienttotalkaboutthesprungmassandtheunsprungmass.

Springs:

SprungandUnsprungMass

Thesprungmassisthemassofthevehiclesupportedonthesprings,whiletheunsprungmassislooselydefinedasthemassbetweentheroadandthesuspensionsprings.Thestiffnessofthespringsaffectshowthesprungmassrespondswhilethecarisbe