TED英语演讲稿我们为什么要睡觉.docx

TED英语演讲稿我们为什么要睡觉.docx

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TED英语演讲稿我们为什么要睡觉

TED英语演讲稿：

我们为什么要睡觉

whatidliketodotodayistalkaboutoneofmyfavoritesubjects,andthatistheneuroscienceofsleep.

now,thereisasound--（alarmclock）--aah,itworked--asoundthatisdesperately,desperatelyfamiliartomostofus,andofcourseitsthesoundofthealarmclock.andwhatthattrulyghastly,awfulsounddoesisstopthesinglemostimportantbehavioralexperiencethatwehave,andthatssleep.ifyoureanaveragesortofperson,36percentofyourlifewillbespentasleep,whichmeansthatifyouliveto90,then32yearswillhavebeenspententirelyasleep.

nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.andyet,formostofus,wedontgivesleepasecondthought.wethrowitaway.wereallyjustdontthinkaboutsleep.andsowhatidliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.andthejourneythatiwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime.

enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber.anyideaswhosaidthat?

shakespearesjuliuscaesar.yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes.osleep,ogentlesleep,naturessoftnurse,howhaveifrightedthee?

shakespeareagain,from--iwontsayit--thescottishplay.[correction:

henryiv,part2]（laughter）fromthesametime:

sleepisthegoldenchainthattieshealthandourbodiestogether.extremelyprophetic,bythomasdekker,anotherelizabethandramatist.

butifwejumpforward400years,thetoneaboutsleepchangessomewhat.thisisfromthomasedison,fromthebeginningofthe20thcentury.sleepisacriminalwasteoftimeandaheritagefromourcavedays.bang.（laughter）andifwealsojumpintothe1980s,someofyoumayrememberthatmargaretthatcherwasreportedtohavesaid,sleepisforwimps.andofcoursetheinfamous--whatwashisname?

--theinfamousgordongekkofromwallstreetsaid,moneyneversleeps.

whatdowedointhe20thcenturyaboutsleep?

well,ofcourse,weusethomasedisonslightbulbtoinvadethenight,andweoccupiedthedark,andintheprocessofthisoccupation,wevetreatedsleepasanillness,almost.wevetreateditasanenemy.atmostnow,isuppose,wetoleratetheneedforsleep,andatworstperhapsmanyofusthinkofsleepasanillnessthatneedssomesortofacure.andourignoranceaboutsleepisreallyquiteprofound.

whyisit?

whydoweabandonsleepinourthoughts?

well,itsbecauseyoudontdoanythingmuchwhileyoureasleep,itseems.youdonteat.youdontdrink.andyoudonthavesex.well,mostofusanyway.andsothereforeits--sorry.itsacompletewasteoftime,right?

wrong.actually,sleepisanincrediblyimportantpartofourbiology,andneuroscientistsarebeginningtoexplainwhyitssoveryimportant.soletsmovetothebrain.

now,herewehaveabrain.thisisdonatedbyasocialscientist,andtheysaidtheydidntknowwhatitwas,orindeedhowtouseit,so--（laughter）sorry.soiborrowedit.idontthinktheynoticed.okay.（laughter）

thepointimtryingtomakeisthatwhenyoureasleep,thisthingdoesntshutdown.infact,someareasofthebrainareactuallymoreactiveduringthesleepstatethanduringthewakestate.theotherthingthatsreallyimportantaboutsleepisthatitdoesntarisefromasinglestructurewithinthebrain,butistosomeextentanetworkproperty,andifweflipthebrainonitsback--ilovethislittlebitofspinalcordhere--thisbithereisthehypothalamus,andrightunderthereisawholeraftofinterestingstructures,notleastthebiologicalclock.thebiologicalclocktellsuswhenitsgoodtobeup,whenitsgoodtobeasleep,andwhatthatstructuredoesisinteractwithawholeraftofotherareaswithinthehypothalamus,thelateralhypothalamus,theventrolateralpreopticnuclei.allofthosecombine,andtheysendprojectionsdowntothebrainstemhere.thebrainstemthenprojectsforwardandbathesthecortex,thiswonderfullywrinklybitoverhere,withneurotransmittersthatkeepusawakeandessentiallyprovideuswithourconsciousness.sosleeparisesfromawholeraftofdifferentinteractionswithinthebrain,andessentially,sleepisturnedonandoffasaresultofarangeof

okay.sowherehavewegotto?

wevesaidthatsleepiscomplicatedandittakes32yearsofourlife.butwhatihaventexplainediswhatsleepisabout.sowhydowesleep?

anditwontsurpriseanyofyouthat,ofcourse,thescientists,wedonthaveaconsensus.therearedozensofdifferentideasaboutwhywesleep,andimgoingtooutlinethreeofthose.

thefirstissortoftherestorationidea,anditssomewhatintuitive.essentially,allthestuffweveburnedupduringtheday,werestore,wereplace,werebuildduringthenight.andindeed,asanexplanation,itgoesbacktoaristotle,sothats,what,2,300yearsago.itsgoneinandoutoffashion.itsfashionableatthemomentbecausewhatsbeenshownisthatwithinthebrain,awholeraftofgeneshavebeenshowntobeturnedononlyduringsleep,andthosegenesareassociatedwithrestorationandmetabolicpathways.sotheresgoodevidenceforthewholerestorationhypothesis.

whataboutenergyconservation?

again,perhapsintuitive.youessentiallysleeptosavecalories.now,whenyoudothesums,though,itdoesntreallypanout.ifyoucompareanindividualwhohassleptatnight,orstayedawakeandhasntmovedverymuch,theenergysavingofsleepingisabout110caloriesanight.now,thatstheequivalentofahotdogbun.now,iwouldsaythatahotdogbuniskindofameagerreturnforsuchacomplicatedanddemandingbehaviorassleep.soimlessconvincedbytheenergyconservationidea.

butthethirdideaimquiteattractedto,whichisbrainprocessingandmemoryconsolidation.whatweknowisthat,ifafteryouvetriedtolearnatask,andyousleep-depriveindividuals,theabilitytolearnthattaskissmashed.itsreallyhugelyattenuated.sosleepandmemoryconsolidationisalsoveryimportant.however,itsnotjustthelayingdownofmemoryandrecallingit.whatsturnedouttobereallyexcitingisthatourabilitytocomeupwithnovelsolutionstocomplexproblemsishugelyenhancedbyanightofsleep.infact,itsbeenestimatedtogiveusathreefoldadvantage.sleepingatnightenhancesourcreativity.andwhatseemstobegoingonisthat,inthebrain,thoseneuralconnectionsthatareimportant,thosesynapticconnectionsthatareimportant,arelinkedandstrengthened,whilethosethatarelessimportanttendtofadeawayandbelessimportant.

okay.sowevehadthreeexplanationsforwhywemightsleep,andithinktheimportantthingtorealizeisthatthedetailswillvary,anditsprobablewesleepformultipledifferentreasons.butsleepisnotanindulgence.itsnotsomesortofthingthatwecantakeonboardrathercasually.ithinkthatsleepwasoncelikenedtoanupgradefromeconomytobusinessclass,youknow,theequiavlentof.itsnotevenanupgradefromeconomytofirstclass.thecriticalthingtorealizeisthatifyoudontsleep,youdontfly.essentially,younevergetthere,andwhatsextraordinaryaboutmuchofoursocietythesedaysisthatwearedesperatelysleep-deprived.

soletsnowlookatsleepdeprivation.hugesectorsofsocietyaresleep-deprived,andletslookatoursleep-o-meter.sointhe1950s,gooddatasuggeststhatmostofusweregettingaroundabouteighthoursofsleepanight.nowadays,wesleeponeandahalftotwohourslesseverynight,sowereinthesix-and-a-half-hours-every-nightleague.forteenagers,itsworse,muchworse.theyneedninehoursforfullbrainperformance,andmanyofthem,onaschoolnight,areonlygettingfivehoursofsleep.itssimplynotenough.ifwethinkaboutothersectorsofsociety,theaged,ifyouareaged,thenyourabilitytosleepinasingleblockissomewhatdisrupted,andmanysleep,again,lessthanfivehoursanight.shiftwork.shiftworkisextraordinary,perhaps20percentoftheworkingpopulation,andthebodyclockdoesnotshifttothedemandsofworkingatnight.itslockedontothesamelight-darkcycleastherestofus.sowhenthepooroldshiftworkerisgoinghometotryandsleepduringtheday,desperatelytired,thebodyclockissaying,wakeup.thisisthetimetobeawake.sothequalityofsleepthatyougetasanightshiftworkerisusuallyverypoor,againinthatsortoffive-hourregion.andthen,ofcourse,tensofmillionsofpeoplesufferfromjetlag.sowhoherehasjetlag?

well,mygoodnessgracious.well,thankyouverymuchindeedfornotfallingasleep,becausethatswhatyourbrainiscraving.

oneofthethingsthatthebraindoesisindulgeinmicro-sleeps,thisinvoluntaryfallingasleep,andyouhaveessentiallynocontroloverit.now,micro-sleepscanbesortofsomewhatembarrassing,buttheycanalsobedeadly.itsbeenestimatedthat31percentofdriverswillfallasleepatthewheelatleastonceintheirlife,andintheu.s.,thestatisticsareprettygood:

100,000accidentsonthefreewayhavebeenassociatedwithtiredness,lossofvigilance,andfallingasleep.ahundredthousandayear.itsextraordinary.atanotherlevelofterror,wedipintothetragicaccidentsatchernobylandindeedthespaceshuttlechallenger,whichwassotragicallylost.andintheinvestigationsthatfollowedthosedisasters,poorjudgmentasaresultofextendedshiftworkandlossofvigilanceandtirednesswasattributedtoabigchunkofthosedisasters.

sowhenyouretired,andyoulacksleep,youhavepoormemory,youhavepoorcreativity,youhaveincreasedimpulsiveness,andyouhaveoverallpoorjudgment.butmyfriends,itssomuchworsethanthat.

（laughter）