Energy Use and Savings Potential for Laboratory Fume Hoods.docx

Energy Use and Savings Potential for Laboratory Fume Hoods.docx

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EnergyUseandSavingsPotentialforLaboratoryFumeHoods

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EnergyUseandSavingsPotentialforLaboratoryFumeHoods

EvanMills,Ph.D.

Mailstop90-4000

LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory

EnergyAnalysisDepartment

UniversityofCalifornia

Berkeley,California94720USA

emills@lbl.gov

DaleSartor,P.E.

Mailstop90-3111

LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory

ApplicationsTeam

UniversityofCalifornia

Berkeley,California94720USA

dasartor@lbl.gov

April2006

LBNL-554002

Abstract

Fumehoodsarecriticalenergyend-usedevices,typicallyrelieduponastheprimary

sourceofventilationinlaboratory-typefacilitieswhileprovidingforsafeconditionsin

areaswhereexperimentsarebeingconducted,Fumehoodscreatelargeamountsof

airflow,whichdrivestheoverallHVACsizingandenergyrequirementsofthebuildings

inwhichtheyarelocated.Forstandardtwo-meter（six-foot）hoods,per-hoodenergycosts

rangefrom$4,600formoderateclimatessuchasLosAngeles,USAto$9,300/yearfor

extremecoolingclimatessuchasSingapore.Withanestimated750,000hoodsinusein

theU.S.,theaggregateenergyuseandsavingspotentialissignificant.Weestimatethe

annualoperatingcostofU.S.fumehoodsatapproximately$4.2billion,witha

correspondingpeakelectricaldemandof5,100megawatts.Therearevariousstrategies

forsavingenergy,eachwithitslimitations.Withemergingtechnologies,per-hood

savingsof50percentto75percentcanbesafelyandcost-effectivelyachievedwhile

addressingthelimitationsofexistingstrategies.

Introduction

Effortstoimproveenergyefficiencymustattendtoahostof“non-energy”

considerations,primarilysafety.Inmanycases,non-energybenefitscanprovidean

additionalimpetusfortechnologyinnovationbeyondthevalueofdirectenergysavings

（MillsandRosenfeld1996;PyeandMcKane1999;Worrelletal.2003）.Thisiscertainly

thecasewithlaboratoryfumehoods.

Fumehoodsarebox-likestructures,oftenmountedattabletoplevelwithamovable

window-likefrontcalledasash.Fumehoodscapture,contain,andexhaustairborne

hazardousmaterials,whicharedrawnoutofthehoodbyfansthroughaportatthetopof

thehood.Laboratoryfumehoodsareubiquitousinpharmaceuticalandbiotechnology

facilities,industrialshops,medicaltestinglabs,privateresearchlabs,andacademic

settings.Theirfundamentaldesignhasgonelargelyunchangedforthepast60years

（Saunders1993）.

AsdepictedinFigure1,overallfumehoodenergyuseistheproductofanumberof

supportsystems,including:

supplyandexhaustfans,space-coolingenergy,space-heating

energy,and（insomecases）humidificationorde-humidificationandterminalreheat.We

developedanengineeringmodel（Figure2）toperformbaselineanalysisandtesttheperhoodandnationalimpactsofenergyefficiencyimprovements.

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Figure1.Typicalfume

hoodcross-section,

applicationandrelation

toHVACsystem（TekAir

2003）.

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Anon-linecalculatorbasedonourmethodologymaybefoundathttp:

//fumehoodcalculator.lbl.gov3

Figure2.Web-basedfumehoodenergyusemodel.

Highlightingthe“systemsnature”offumehooddesignandapplication,hoodsrequire

largeamountsofairflowthattendtodrivethesize,andfirstcostofcentralheating,

ventilatingandair-conditioning（HVAC）systemsinbuildingswherehoodsarelocated.

Asaresult,fumehoodsareamajorfactorinmakingtypicallaboratoriesfour-tofivetimesmoreenergyintensivethantypicalcommercialbuildings（Belletal.2002）.Afume

hoodconsumes3.5-timesmoreenergythananaveragehouse.With0.5to1.5million

hoodsinuseintheU.S.（“central”estimate750,000）,aggregateenergyuseandsavings

potentialissignificant.Aswillbedescribedbelow,theannualoperatingcostofU.S.

fumehoodsis$4.2billionwithcorrespondingelectricityuseof26TWh,peakelectrical

demandof5,100megawatts,and204Petajoules（193TBTU）ofheatingfuel.

Furtheramplifyingtheneedtoimprovefumehooddesign,recentresearchshowsthat

increasingtheamountandrateofairflow（and,consequently,energyuse）doesnottend

toimprovecontainment.Instead,erranteddycurrentsandvortexescanbeinduced

aroundhoodusersasairflowsaroundworkersandintothehood,reducingcontainment

effectivenessandcompromisingsafety（Belletal.2002）.4

BaselineEnergyUseandAnalysisofPotentialSavings

Wehavemodeledtheenergyuseandpotentialsavingsonaper-hoodbasisacrossa

varietyofweatherlocationsaroundtheglobe.Totalenergycostsaremoresensitivetothe

coolingload.Ourcalculationsaccountfortheheating,cooling,andmovementofair

throughthefumehood,andtheassociatedpricesofelectricity,peakelectricitydemand,

andfuel.Dependingonclimate,estimatedcostsrangefrom$100to$325/m

3

-minute（$3

to$11/cfm）.

Weassumethehoodha