改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译.docx
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改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译
中文2625字
外文翻译
原文
AClusterApproachtowardsEnhancingChinese-AmericanTradeOpportunities
MaterialSource:
InternationalJournalofBusinessandManagement
Author:
WilliamJ.LawrenceandWeidongSun
Abstract
Forsometimenow,Chinahasreliedheavilyonindustrialclusterstocreateaninternationalcompetitiveedge.Whiletheprogramhasbeenlargelysuccessful,Chinahasincreasinglyhadtocopewithsevereaccusationsfromitstradingpartnerswhoclaimapolicyofdumpingandsellinglowqualityproductswithflaws,andhazardousoutcomes.ClaimsarealsomadethatChinahasnotbeenasmindfulofitsresourceutilization,environmentimpact,andoveralleconomicefficiencyasitshouldbe.ThethrustofthispaperrecognizesthatopportunitiesexistforboththeUSandChinatousethisperiodasoneofenhancedcommunicationandcooperativeventuresandplanninginitiatives.Itisahypothesisthatclusteranalysisoffersamajorvehiclethatshowshowallnationscanbegintomeettheneedsoftheirpeopleanddoitinanenvironmentallyandeconomicallyresponsiblemanner.
Keywords:
Industrialcluster,Smoothtrade,TheUS-China
1.AnOverviewofIndustrialClustersinChina
Chinahascreatedafairlysophisticatedsystemofindustrialclustersinmanyareascenteredprincipallyontheirnaturalmarketsharewithindomesticaswellasglobalmarkets.Thispolicyismostevidentintheeasternandsoutherncoastlineregions,forexample,Zhejiangprovince,whichisinthesoutheastofChina.ZhejiangProvincehasmorethan500villagesandtowns,manyofwhichhaveformedtheirownuniquecluster.Thetotaloutputofthesevillagesandtownsaccountsforroughlyhalfoftheprovince’sindustryproduct.TheclusterphenomenaconsistingofavarietyofindustrieshasbeencreatedinGuangdongprovinceaswell.Ithasanestimated60townsoutofall240townsinGuangdongthathaveformedaratherlargescaleofclustersprimarilywithintraditionalindustryfields.Moreover,thesouthernareasofJiangsuprovincehaveformedseveralITindustryclusters,Jingjincountyhasformedshoeindustryclusters,Shouguangcountyhasformedavegetableindustrycluster,QinhoucountyhasformedawoolindustryclusterandZhongguanvillagehasalsoformedanITindustrycluster.
However,withtimemanymanagementproblemsintheindustrialclustersbegantoemerge,oftenresultingfromthelowmanagementskillsofentrepreneurs,outdateoftechnologyorincreasinglaborcost.Inaddition,agrowinglowcommitmentofworkinghard,effectivemutualcooperation,tomentiononlyafew,begantofurtherexacerbatetheproblems.Perhapsthisphenomenoncanbecategorizedasmanagementdeficienciessufferingfromexcessivegrowth.Itishowever,timeforclusteredfirmstoupgradetheirmanagementlevelandfortheclusteringprocesstomovefromthelowindustriallevelstotherelativelyhigherone.
2.ReasonsbehindtheGrowthofaClusterApproachtowardsIndustrialDevelopmentandTrade
ProfessorDavidL.BarkleyandProfessorMarkS.Henryina2001paperconcludedthattherewerebasicallyfourimportantadvantagesunderlyingindustrialclustersincluding:
a)strengtheninglocalizationeconomies,b)facilitatingindustrialreorganization,c)encouragingnetworkingamongenterprisesd)permittinggreaterfocusingofpublicresources.Theiranalysisshowsthebenefitsfromtheclusterfromtheangleofthemacroeconomicperspective.
Thereexistsoneotherintrinsicstrengththatprovidesanincentiveforanindividualenterprisetojoinanindustrialcluster.Wehavechosentouseahypothesizedcasetomakeourpoint.
Assumethattherearetwoseparateanddistinctretailmerchantswhoareeachsellingcooldrinkingwateralongalinearbeach.Letusfurtherassumethat;a)themerchandisetheysellisofthesamequalityandsoldatthesameprice;b)consumersarescatteredevenlyalongthebeach;c)customersaretimeandconvenientorientedandalwaysprefertobuycooldrinkingwaterfromanearbystall;d)Ourtwomerchantshaveanexclusiveagreementprohibitinganyothercompetitorsenteringthismarket.Inordertodescribeourmodelconveniently,wedefinethatthebeachlengthis1,theleftpointbeing0andtherightpointbeing1.Accordingtogeographicoptimization,merchantonewouldlocatehisstallat1/4andmerchant2wouldlocateat3/4becausedoingsowouldminimizeoverallconsumerconveniencegivingeachmerchantequalaccesstotheirrespectivemarketshare.Althoughsuchanarrangementseemsfairandreasonable,therealityitselfisneverthelessnotsosimple.Bothmerchantsdothesamebusiness,creatinganunavoidablecompetitionbetweenthem.Absentanagreementtothecontrary,eachmerchantwouldhaveanincentivetorelocatehisstallalittlefurtherdownthebeachtowardstheterritoryoftheother's.Hewoulddosoinhopesofwinningsomeconsumersfromtheother.Theothermerchantmightalsoconsidertakingasimilaractiontowardsthecompetitor'sterritory.Therefore,theinterestingcompetitiveforcesprovidedanaturalincentivesuchthatbothmerchantswillgraduallymovetheirstallstowardeachotheruntiltheyeacharriveatthemiddlepointofthebeach.Aclusteringagreementhowever,wouldhavebothmerchantsagreetoanoveralllocationpattern,betterdesignedtoservesthecustomersandtheirtime.
3.TheImpactofChina'sIndustrialClusterPoliciesonUS/ChinaTrade
CommencingwithChina’s2001accessionintotheWTOthegrowthinChina'sexportshasincreasedannually,goingfrom20.1%in2001to40%ofitseconomyin2008.ThetrendstronglyreflectstheoveralldependenceofChina’seconomyonitsexporttradewhichfurthertiesChinesegrowthtothatofitstradingpartners.Besides,thehighexportvolumealsotendstocausemaintradingpartners’tradedeficit.Atpresent,tradeimbalancebetweenUSandChinaisatopconcerninUS-Chinarelation.StatisticsprovidedbytheAmericanChamberofCommerceindicatesthatbetween2001and2008,theUStradedeficitwithChinaincreasedfrom$83.10to$268.04billion(excludingservicetrade),accountingfor28.8oftheUStotaltradedeficit.AskingChinatotakemeasurestoincreaseinputsfromAmericaanddecreasetradesurplustotheUShasbecomeastrongargumentfromAmericanauthorities.StrongconcernscontinuetoexistonthepartofalltradingnationsthatChina’sincreasingdemandofoilandotherenergyresourcesmaycauseharmtotheinternationaleconomicorder.Furthermore,theUSworriesthatChina’shugeexportsmayfurthererodeUSjoblosses,agrowingconcernthroughoutAmericanlabormarkets.Ithasbeenestimatedthatapproximately70%-80%ofChina'sexportscomefromChina’scurrentindustrialclusters.Therefore,ifwewanttosolveChina’sforeigntradeproblemsandoverallbalanceoftrade,wemustpaycloseattentiontoindustrialclustersandfindwaystobetterdistributethisoutputwithinChina'sbordersaswellaswithitstradingpartners.
4.IndustrialClustersandtheBalanceofTradeIssue
4.1Thetradeissue
MajorcriticismofChina'stradeandeconomicdevelopmentstrategyhascomeprimarilyfromitsmajortradingpartner,theUnitedStates.TheUShasalsocriticizedChinafordumping,andsellingmerchandiseoflowqualityandinsomecaseswithseriousproductionandordesignflaws.
CriticismhasalsopointedtowardsChina'sconcentrationoneconomicgrowthattheexpenseofamorerationalutilizationofitsresources,furtherdamagingtheenvironment,andnotbeingasmindfulofeconomicefficiencyasChineseplannersandmanufacturesmighthavebeen.TheWorldBankcited16Chinesecitiesoutof20astheworldsmostpolluted.
Inarecentstudyofcarbondioxideemissions,themostdamagingofallgreenhousegases,aDutchinstitute(NetherlandsEnvironmentalAgency,2007)concludedthatChinahassurpassedtheUSandisnowthelargestCO2emitterintheworld.ThislistingwasbasedontheoverviewsonenergyuseascompiledbyBritishPetroleum.AnythingChinacandotoreduceitsfootprintinthisareawouldbemostwelcomedasamemberoftheworldcommunity,Clusters,wellthoughtoutandimplementedwithanobjectivetowardstechnologicalandenvironmentalefficienciesofferoneopportunitytodojustthis.
4.2Probablesolutions
(1)AmongtheWTOmemberstates,theUShasthesecondlargestnumberofanti-dumpingcasesagainstChinawhichhasledtomuchconfusionanddebatewithinChinesebusinessleaders.ChinarecognizesthatAmericaisimplementingincreasedprotectionism.ButPresidentObamasaid,"Wecan'tgobacktotheerawheretheChineseortheGermansorothercountriesjustaresellingeverythingtous,butwe'renotsellinganythingtothem".JustonSep.11,2009,PresidentObamaannouncedthathewouldimposea35percenttariffonautomobileandlight-trucktiresimportedfromChina.Meanwhile,China,notunexpectedly,alsotooksomecountermeasuresinreactiontothisdispute.Tosomeextent,therootreasonforthedisputeliesinthedifferentcostandqualitystandardsofmerchandisethatbothsideshold.AccordingtotheWTOrules,aslongasacountryisnotrecognizesasamarketeconomycountry,anyWTOmembercanmeasurethedumpingextentofitsenterprisesbyutilizingathirdcountry's(substitutecountry)prices,notitsdomesticpricesorcosts.Therefore,sinceChinaisnotrecognizedasmarketeconomycountrybytheUS,thedomesticpricesofChina'sproductswillnotberecognizedaswell,hence,theUShasusuallytakencomparablepricesofathirdcountrytomeasurethedumpingextentofChineseenterprises,butChinaarguesthatthismeasureisunfairbecausethethirdcountry’scostmayhigherthanthatinChina.So,inordertoknowChinesemerchandise’coststructureand