改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译.docx

1、改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译中文2625字外文翻译原文A Cluster Approach towards Enhancing Chinese-American Trade OpportunitiesMaterial Source: International Journal of Business and ManagementAuthor: William J. Lawrence and Weidong SunAbstractFor some time now, China has relied heavily on industrial clusters to create an i

2、nternational competitive edge. While the program has been largely successful, China has increasingly had to cope with severe accusations from its trading partners who claim a policy of dumping and selling low quality products with flaws, and hazardous outcomes. Claims are also made that China has no

3、t been as mindful of its resource utilization, environment impact, and overall economic efficiency as it should be. The thrust of this paper recognizes that opportunities exist for both the US and China to use this period as one of enhanced communication and cooperative ventures and planning initiat

4、ives. It is a hypothesis that cluster analysis offers a major vehicle that shows how all nations can begin to meet the needs of their people and do it in an environmentally and economically responsible manner.Keywords: Industrial cluster, Smooth trade, The US-China1. An Overview of Industrial Cluste

5、rs in ChinaChina has created a fairly sophisticated system of industrial clusters in many areas centered principally on their natural market share within domestic as well as global markets. This policy is most evident in the eastern and southern coastline regions, for example, Zhejiang province, whi

6、ch is in the southeast of China. Zhejiang Province has more than 500 villages and towns, many of which have formed their own unique cluster. The total output of these villages and towns accounts for roughly half of the provinces industry product. The cluster phenomena consisting of a variety of indu

7、stries has been created in Guangdong province as well. It has an estimated 60 towns out of all 240 towns in Guangdong that have formed a rather large scale of clusters primarily within traditional industry fields. Moreover, the southern areas of Jiangsu province have formed several IT industry clust

8、ers, Jingjin county has formed shoe industry clusters, Shouguang county has formed a vegetable industry cluster, Qinhou county has formed a wool industry cluster and Zhongguan village has also formed an IT industry cluster.However, with time many management problems in the industrial clusters began

9、to emerge, often resulting from the low management skills of entrepreneurs, out date of technology or increasing labor cost. In addition, a growing low commitment of working hard, effective mutual cooperation, to mention only a few, began to further exacerbate the problems. Perhaps this phenomenon c

10、an be categorized as management deficiencies suffering from excessive growth. It is however, time for clustered firms to upgrade their management level and for the clustering process to move from the low industrial levels to the relatively higher one.2. Reasons behind the Growth of a Cluster Approac

11、h towards Industrial Development and TradeProfessor David L. Barkley and Professor Mark S. Henry in a 2001 paper concluded that there were basically four important advantages underlying industrial clusters including: a) strengthening localization economies, b) facilitating industrial reorganization,

12、 c) encouraging networking among enterprises d) permitting greater focusing of public resources. Their analysis shows the benefits from the cluster from the angle of the macroeconomic perspective.There exists one other intrinsic strength that provides an incentive for an individual enterprise to joi

13、n an industrial cluster. We have chosen to use a hypothesized case to make our point.Assume that there are two separate and distinct retail merchants who are each selling cool drinking water along a linear beach. Let us further assume that; a) the merchandise they sell is of the same quality and sol

14、d at the same price; b) consumers are scattered evenly along the beach; c) customers are time and convenient oriented and always prefer to buy cool drinking water from a nearby stall; d) Our two merchants have an exclusive agreement prohibiting any other competitors entering this market. In order to

15、 describe our model conveniently, we define that the beach length is 1, the left point being 0 and the right point being 1. According to geographic optimization, merchant one would locate his stall at 1/4 and merchant 2 would locate at 3/4 because doing so would minimize overall consumer convenience

16、 giving each merchant equal access to their respective market share. Although such an arrangement seems fair and reasonable, the reality itself is nevertheless not so simple. Both merchants do the same business, creating an unavoidable competition between them. Absent an agreement to the contrary, e

17、ach merchant would have an incentive to relocate his stall a little further down the beach towards the territory of the others. He would do so in hopes of winning some consumers from the other. The other merchant might also consider taking a similar action towards the competitors territory. Therefor

18、e, the interesting competitive forces provided a natural incentive such that both merchants will gradually move their stalls toward each other until they each arrive at the middle point of the beach. A clustering agreement however, would have both merchants agree to an overall location pattern, bett

19、er designed to serves the customers and their time.3. The Impact of Chinas Industrial Cluster Policies on US/China TradeCommencing with Chinas 2001 accession into the WTO the growth in Chinas exports has increased annually, going from 20.1% in 2001 to 40% of its economy in 2008. The trend strongly r

20、eflects the overall dependence of Chinas economy on its export trade which further ties Chinese growth to that of its trading partners. Besides, the high export volume also tends to cause main trading partners trade deficit. At present, trade imbalance between US and China is a top concern in US-Chi

21、na relation. Statistics provided by the American Chamber of Commerce indicates that between 2001and 2008, the US trade deficit with China increased from $83.10 to $268.04 billion (excluding service trade), accounting for 28.8 of the US total trade deficit. Asking China to take measures to increase i

22、nputs from America and decrease trade surplus to the US has become a strong argument from American authorities. Strong concerns continue to exist on the part of all trading nations that Chinas increasing demand of oil and other energy resources may cause harm to the international economic order. Fur

23、thermore, the US worries that Chinas huge exports may further erode US job losses, a growing concern throughout American labor markets. It has been estimated that approximately 70%-80% of Chinas exports come from Chinas current industrial clusters. Therefore, if we want to solve Chinas foreign trade

24、 problems and overall balance of trade, we must pay close attention to industrial clusters and find ways to better distribute this output within Chinas borders as well as with its trading partners.4. Industrial Clusters and the Balance of Trade Issue4.1 The trade issueMajor criticism of Chinas trade

25、 and economic development strategy has come primarily from its major trading partner, the United States. The US has also criticized China for dumping, and selling merchandise of low quality and in some cases with serious production and or design flaws.Criticism has also pointed towards Chinas concen

26、tration on economic growth at the expense of a more rational utilization of its resources, further damaging the environment, and not being as mindful of economic efficiency as Chinese planners and manufactures might have been. The World Bank cited 16 Chinese cities out of 20 as the worlds most pollu

27、ted.In a recent study of carbon dioxide emissions, the most damaging of all greenhouse gases, a Dutch institute (Netherlands Environmental Agency, 2007) concluded that China has surpassed the US and is now the largest CO2 emitter in the world. This listing was based on the overviews on energy use as

28、 compiled by British Petroleum. Anything China can do to reduce its footprint in this area would be most welcomed as a member of the world community, Clusters, well thought out and implemented with an objective towards technological and environmental efficiencies offer one opportunity to do just thi

29、s.4.2 Probable solutions(1) Among the WTO member states, the US has the second largest number of anti-dumping cases against China which has led to much confusion and debate within Chinese business leaders. China recognizes that America is implementing increased protectionism. But President Obama sai

30、d, We cant go back to the era where the Chinese or the Germans or other countries just are selling everything to us, but were not selling anything to them. Just on Sep.11, 2009, President Obama announced that he would impose a 35 percent tariff on automobile and light-truck tires imported from China

31、. Meanwhile, China, not unexpectedly, also took some countermeasures in reaction to this dispute. To some extent, the root reason for the dispute lies in the different cost and quality standards of merchandise that both sides hold. According to the WTO rules, as long as a country is not recognizes a

32、s a market economy country, any WTO member can measure the dumping extent of its enterprises by utilizing a third countrys (substitute country) prices, not its domestic prices or costs. Therefore, since China is not recognized as market economy country by the US, the domestic prices of Chinas produc

33、ts will not be recognized as well, hence, the US has usually taken comparable prices of a third country to measure the dumping extent of Chinese enterprises, but China argues that this measure is unfair because the third countrys cost may higher than that in China. So, in order to know Chinese merchandise cost structure and