冷链物流外文文献.docx

冷链物流外文文献.docx

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冷链物流外文文献

附录A

TheColdChainanditsLogistics

Authors：

Dr。

Jean-PaulRodriguezandDr.TheoNotteboom

1。

Overview

WhileGlobalizationhasmadetherelativedistancebetweenregionsoftheworldmuchsmaller，thephysicalseparationofthesesameregionsisstillaveryimportantreality。

Thegreaterthephysicalseparation,themorelikelyfreightcanbedamagedinoneofthecomplextransportoperationsinvolved.Somegoodscanbedamagedbyshockswhileotherscanbedamagedbyunduetemperaturevariations。

Forarangeofgoodslabeledasperishables，particularlyfood，theirqualitydegradeswithtimesincetheymaintainchemicalreactionswhichratecanbemostlymitigatedwithlowertemperatures.Ittakestimeandcoordinationtoefficientlymoveashipmentandeverydelaycanhavenegativeconsequences，notablyifthiscargoisperishable.Toensurethatcargodoesnotbecomedamagedorcompromisedthroughoutthisprocess,businessesinthepharmaceutical,medicalandfoodindustriesareincreasinglyrelyingonthecoldchaintechnology。

Thecoldchainreferstothetransportationoftemperaturesensitiveproductsalongasupplychainthroughthermalandrefrigeratedpackagingmethodsandthelogisticalplanningtoprotecttheintegrityoftheseshipments。

SpecializationhasledmanycompaniestonotonlyrelyonmajorshippingserviceproviderssuchastheUnitedParcelService（UPS）andFEDEX，butalsomorefocusedindustryspecialiststhathavedevelopedanichelogisticalexpertisearoundtheshippingoftemperaturesensitiveproducts.Thepotentialtounderstandlocalrules，customsandenvironmentalconditionsaswellasanestimationofthelengthandtimeofadistributionroutemakethemanimportantfactoringlobaltrade。

Asaresult，thelogisticsindustryisexperiencingagrowinglevelofspecializationandsegmentationofcoldchainshippinginseveralpotentialnichemarketswithinglobalcommoditychains.Wholenewsegmentsofthedistributionindustryhavebeenveryactiveintakingadvantageofthedualdevelopmentofthespatialextensionofsupplychainssupportedbyglobalizationandthesignificantvarietyofgoodsincirculation。

Fromaneconomicdevelopmentperspective,thecoldchainenablesmanydevelopingcountriestotakepartintheglobalperishableproductsmarket.Fromageographicalperspective，thecoldchainhasthefollowingimpacts:

∙Global。

Specializationofagriculturalfunctionspermittingthetransportoftemperaturesensitivefoodproductstodistantmarkets.Enablesthedistributionofvaccinesandotherpharmaceuticalorbiologicalproducts。

∙Regional.Cansupportthespecializationoffunctionsandeconomiesofscale,suchasspecializedlaboratories.

∙Local。

Timelydistributiontothefinalconsumer,namelygrocerystoresandrestaurants.

2.EmergenceofColdChainLogistics

Whileglobalcommoditychainsarefairlymodernexpansionsinthetransportationindustry,therefrigeratedmovementoftemperaturesensitivegoodsisapracticethatdatesbackto1797whenBritishfishermenusednaturalicetopreservetheirfishstockpiles.Thisprocesswasalsoseeninthelate1800sforthemovementoffoodfromruralareastourbanconsumptionmarkets,namelydairyproducts。

Coldstoragewasalsoakeycomponentoffoodtradebetweencolonialpowersandtheircolonies。

Forexample，inthelate1870sandearly1880s，FrancewasstartingtoreceivelargeshipmentsoffrozenmeatandmuttoncarcassesfromSouthAmerica，whileGreatBritainimportedfrozenbeeffromAustraliaandporkandothermeatfromNewZealand。

By1910，600,000tonsoffrozenmeatwasbeingbroughtintoGreatBritainalone。

Thefirstreefershipforthebananatradewasintroducedin1903bytheUnitedFoodCompany.Thisenabledthebananatomovefromanexoticfruitthathadasmallmarketbecauseitarrivedinmarketstooripe,tooneoftheworld’smostconsumedfruit.

Thetemperaturecontrolledmovementofpharmaceuticalsandmedicalsuppliesisamuchmoremoderntransitoptionthantheshippingofrefrigeratedorfrozenfood.Sincethe1950s,logisticalthirdpartycompaniesbegantoemergeandinstitutenewmethodsforsuccessfullytransportingtheseglobalcommodities。

Beforetheiremergence，coldchainprocessesweremostlymanagedinhousebythemanufacturer。

IntheUnitedStates,FoodandDrugAdministrationrestrictionsandaccountabilitymeasuresoverthestabilityofthecoldchainincitedmanyofthesecompaniestorelyonspecialtycouriersratherthancompletelyoverhaulingtheirsupplychainfacilities.Aspecializedindustrywasthusborn.Thevalueofthecoldchaininthepreservationofexpensivevaccinesandmedicalsupplieswasonlybeginningtoberecognizedwhentheselogisticalprovidersstartedtoappear。

Asawarenessbegantogrow，sodidtheneedforefficientmanagementofthecoldchain.

Therelianceonthecoldchaincontinuestogainimportan