考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译1994.docx
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考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译1994
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译
(2005-1994)
2005Text1
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.
Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.
SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.dewaal'sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.
Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers)Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.
Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies,Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone,Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.
21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby
[A].posingacontrast.
[B].justifyinganassumption.
[C].makingacomparison.
[D].explainingaphenomenon.
22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,paragraphl)impliesthat
[A].monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.
[B].resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'nature.
[C].monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.
[D].noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.
23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare
[A].moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.
[B].attentivetoresearchers'instructions.
[C].niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.
[D].moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions
24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys
[A].prefergrapestocucumbers.
[B].canbetaughttoexchangethings.
[C].willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.
[D].areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.
25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
[A].Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.
[B].Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.
[C].Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.
[D].Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.
核心词汇:
afatpayrise涨得很高的工资
vanish(消失,不复存在)Thewonderfulvanishedintothinair.美梦化作泡影Ithoughtitwouldrain,butthecloudshavevanishedandit'safineday.我原以为天要下雨的,可是云消失了,是个好天。
[巧记]van=empty空+ish形容词后缀:
倾向于。
colleague(同事,同僚)Davidisacolleagueofmine.戴维是我的同事[巧记]col=con共同+leag=leg选+ue→共同被选出的。
[辨]companion(同伴,共事者)即com一起+pan面包+ion→一起吃面包→谋生的人。
Adogisafaithfullcompanyion.狗是忠实的伙伴
reputation(名气,名声,名望)amanofgoodreputation名誉很好的人Liveuptoone’sreputation.不负盛名[巧记]re再一,重新+put思考+ation。
slack(懈怠,懒散)slackwork马虎的工作slacklaws不完善的法律Bussinessisslackatthisseason.这一季节生意萧条Thetennisnethungslack.网球的网松悬着[记:
谐音]怪物“史莱克”是“懒散”的。
outrage(暴行,伤害,激怒)。
Anoutrageagainstjustice.对正义的严重损害MembersofParliamentwereoutragedbythenewsofbomboutragesinthecountry.国内发生了炸弹暴力事件的消息引起了国会议员的义愤[巧记]out过度+rage动怒→“出离愤怒了”
alltohuman人所特有的→人性
underling(潜在的,含蓄的)Thereareunderlyingsimilaritiesbetweenallhumanbeings.人与人之间有内在相似之处Theunderlyingthemeofthenovelisveryserious.小说内在的主题很严肃[巧记]under(下面)+
assumption(假定;承担;呈现)Thetheoryisbasedonaseriesofwrongassumptions.这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。
Theirassumptionthattheirprojectunderwaywassomethingentirelynewprovedtobeuntrue.他们以为他们正在进行的课题是崭新的,事实证明不是那样。
[记]assume(假设)
grievance/(抱怨,不平,怨愤)tohaveagrievanceagainstsb.抱怨某人Heextravagantcegivehimasenseofgrievance.他的挥霍使他感到不满[巧记]griev=heavy沉重+ance。
capuchinmonkey僧帽猴一种原产于美洲的卷尾猴(sapajou),头上有类似风帽的一镞头发
good-natured(和蔼的,和善的)又如:
mean-natured情绪性的sweet-natured性格温和的
creature(人,动物,傀儡,创造物)Shewasapoorcreature.她曾是个可怜的女人。
[巧记]creat(创造)+ure(尾缀)
tardily(缓慢)形容词:
拖拉的。
[记:
谐音]邋“遢地”是由于“拖拉”造成的。
counterpart(对应的人或物)即counter相反+part部分=“对应的部分”→对音的人或物。
TheRedCrossSocietyofChinaanditsIcelandiccounterpart.中国红十字会和冰岛红十字会Canada’sPrimeMinisteristhecounterpartoftheU.S.president.加拿大总理相当于美国总统。
参见2000年Passage4。
candidate(候选人,求职者)Masteralcandidate考研人[巧记]cand白,发光+id+ate→白色的人→候选人。
inexchangefor(作为[对…的]交换[或替代])[巧记]exchange=ex出+change换→换出
token(象征的东西,代币)Tearsarequeertokensofhappiness.眼泪是快乐的一种奇特的表示Weshookhandsasatokenofourfriendship.我们握手,以表示我们的友谊。
slice(薄片,切片;一份,部分)asliceofbread一片面包asliceofgoodluck.一份好运abooktoamuseyou,nottogiveyouasliceoflife.一本供你消遣的书,并不是告诉你一段实际生活Heslicedhisfingers.他用刀切伤了手指。
adjoining(毗连的)Thetwinshaveadjoiningrooms.双胞胎的房间是挨着的[巧记]ad向+join加入,结合+ing行为结果。
chamber(房间,议院)chamberoftheheart心室InBritaintheupperchamberorparliamentistheHouseofLords,thelowertheHouseofCommons.英国的上议院或国会是贵族议院,下议院是众议院。
inreturnfor(作为[对…的]交换[报答,回报])Hegivehersomerosesinreturnforherkindnesss.他送她一些玫瑰以报答她的好意
markedly(显著的,明显的)awomanofmarkedintelligence聪明过人的女子TuitionatAmericanuniversitiesvariesmarkedlydependingonthetypeofinstituationanditsendowment.美国各大学的学费有显著差别,这取决于学校的类别和所得到的捐赠基金[巧记]marked(有记号的,显著的)
luxury(奢侈品,华贵)即lux光亮→豪华+ury。
Luxuriousadj.豪华舒适的luxuryiatev.纵情享受toluxuryiateinthewarm,springsunshine.尽情享受春日温暖的阳光Creamcakesarenolongaluxury.奶油蛋糕再也不是奢侈品了。
reluctant(不愿的,勉强的)Suggestionsystemscanwork—don'tbereluctanttousethem.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们Shewasveryreluctanttoadmitthetruth.她很不情愿地承认了这事实。
[巧记]re反复+luct=lect拾,捡+ant形容词后缀→应为觉得“不称心”,所以“反复拾捡”→但最后还是“不情愿的,勉强的”。
参见。
toss([常与to,away,aside,out连用]扔,抛)Hetossedoffafewversesofpoetry.他轻而易举地写出了几行诗Theytossedtheballtoeachother.他们把球互相扔来扔去。
induce(劝诱,促使)Whatinducedyoutodosuchastupidthing?
是什么促使你作出这等蠢事来的人Oneofthesepillsisguaranteedtoinducesleep.这些药丸只要一粒就能使人安眠Toomuchfoodinducessleepiness.吃得过饱会产生睡意。
[巧记]in往内+duce=duct引导→“步步为营,诱敌深入”。
Presence
resentment(愤恨,怨恨)Hewasfilledwithresentmentatthewayonehasbeentreated.他因受到如此对待而满腔怨恨Resentmentedgedhisreply.岔恨使他的回答非常尖锐。
[巧记]re去掉,相反+sent感觉+ment→负面的感觉→怨恨。
emotions(激情,情绪,情感)Thespeakerappealedtoouremotionsrathertoourminds.演讲者激发了我们的情感而不是启发我们的思考Love,hatred,andgriefareemotion.爱、恨、悲伤都是感情。
righteous(正当的,正直的,公正的)righteousindignation义愤Don’tadoptthatrighteoustoneofvoice!
别用那种一本正经的腔调说话。
(贬)[巧记]right正确的+eous。
indignation(愤慨,义愤)indignationagainstahandfulofterrorists.对一小撮恐怖分子的义愤[巧记]in往里+dig挖+nation民族→挖民族→比挖祖坟还难受→能不愤慨吗?
[记]形容词:
indignant
preserve(保存,保护,保护区)preserveone’seyesight保护视力Godpreserveus!
上帝保佑我们吧Thefishinginthisstretchofriverisstrictlypreserved.此河段严禁外人捕鱼TheTownCouncilspentalotofmoneytopreservetheoldcastleandotherplacesofhistoricinterest.市政委员会花了不少钱来维修那座古城堡和其它古迹。
reward(报酬,奖金;值得)Onerewardofmyjobismeetingpeople.我在工作中的收获是能认识许多人Aswellasthestainedglass,thecarringontheroofalsorewardattention.屋顶上的雕刻和彩色玻璃一样值得注意It'sarewardforvirtue.那是对美德的回报。
abundantly(丰富地,充裕地)He’smadehisviewsabundantlyclear.他已经充分表明自己的观点[记]名词:
abundance形容词:
abundant
evolve(逐渐形成,进化)TheAmericanconstitutionwasplaned;theBritishconstitutionevolved.美国宪法是精心制订的,英国宪法是约定俗成的Thedevelopmentalhistoryofthesocietytellsusthatmanhasevolvedfromtheape.
社会发展史告诉我们人是从类人猿进化来的。
asyet至今为止
stemfrom(源于…有…造成)atalentedartcriticstemmingfromapainter.出生画家,富有才干的评论家
ancestor(祖先,祖宗)HisancestorshadcometoEnglandasrefugess.他的祖先来到英国的时候是难民[巧记]an=ante前+cest=cess行走,前进+or→走在前面的人→祖先。
[比较记忆]descendant作“后裔,子孙”解,而作“下降(的)”解,一般拼成descendent
incline([常与to,towards连用]倾向于,趋于)Iinclinetofatness.我有些发胖。
难句分析:
①Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.
前一分句是句子的主句,其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式;with加名词作状语,即“带有潜在的假定”,其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。
翻译:
这种行为被看作是“人之长情”,他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。
②ButastudybySarahBrosnan