句的翻译技巧.docx
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句的翻译技巧
一.名词性从句的翻译
（一）主语从句
1.以what,whatever,whoever,whether,when,where,how,why等词引导的主语从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。
举例：
Whathetoldmewasonlyhalf-truth.
Whateverisworthdoingshouldbedonewell.
Whetherhecomesornotmakesnodifference.
Whenwecanbegintheexpeditionisstillaquestion.
Howheisgoingtodoitisamystery.
2.用it做形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子的最前面翻译。
为了强调，it一般可以翻译出来；如果不需要强调，it也不可不译出来。
举例：
Itdoesn’tmakemuchdifferencewhetherheattendsthemeetingornot.
Itseemedinconceivablethatthepilotcouldhavesurvivedthecrash.
有时候，如果主语从句依然按照英语原来的顺序翻译的话，it一般不需要译出来。
在汉语译文的开始，一般可以用“……的是，……”这样的结构来翻译。
举例：
Itisstrangethatsheshouldhavefailedtoseeherownshortcomings.
（二）宾语从句
1.用that,what,how,when,which,why,whether,if等引起的宾语从句，翻译成汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。
举例：
Itoldhimthatbecauseofthelastcondition,I’dhavetoturnitdown.
CanyouhearwhatIsay?
Idon’tknowthatheswamacrosstheriver.
Idon’tknowhowheswamacrosstheriver.
Hehasinformedmewhentheyaretodiscussmyproposal.
有时可加“说”字，再接下去翻译英语原文宾语从句的内容。
举例：
Smithrepliedthathewassorry.
Hewouldremindpeopleagainthatitwasdecidednotonlybyhimselfbutbylotsofothers.
2.用it做形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译；it有时候可以不用翻译。
举例：
Imadeitcleartothemthattheymusthandintheirpapersbefore10o’clockinthemorning.
Ihearditsaidthathehadgoneabroad.
但有时候，也可以在译文中将that引导的宾语从句提到句子最前面翻译。
举例：
IregarditasanhonorthatIamchosentoattendthemeeting.
Weconsideritabsolutelynecessarythatweshouldopenourdoortotheoutsideworld.
（三）表语从句
英语中的表语从句放在系动词后面，充当标语成分，一般可以按照英语原文顺序直接翻译。
举例：
Itseemsthatitisgoingtosnow.
ThatiswhyJackgotscolded.
Thequestionremainswhetherwecanwinthemajorityofthepeople.
Hisviewofthepresswasthatthereporterswereeitherforhimoragainsthim.
（四）同位语从句
1.一般来说，同位语从句可以直接翻译在主句后面。
举例：
HeexpressedthehopethathewouldcomeovertovisitChinaagain.
Thereisapossibilitythatheisaspy.
2.有时候在翻译同位语从句时，可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的修饰语，但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。
这种情况下，同位语从句都比较简单。
举例：
Weknowthefactthatbodiespossessweight.
Therumorthathewasarrestedwasunfounded.
3.增加“即”（或者“以为”）这样的词来连接，或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和同位语从句。
举例：
Butthisdoesnotinanywayalterthefactthattheyarenow,fromapracticalpointofview,irrational.
Wehavereachedtheconclusionthatpracticeisthecriterionfortestingtruth.
Notlongago,thescientistsmadeanexcitingdiscoverythatthiswastematerialcouldbeturnedintoplastics.
4.先翻从句再翻主句用“这种观点、这一理论、这一思想、这一发现”过渡。
Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia
二.定语从句的翻译
（一）前置法
举例：
Hewhohasnevertastedwhatisbitterdoesnotknowwhatissweet.
Spaceandoceansarethenewworldwhichscientistsaretryingtoexplore.
Hislaughter,whichwasinfectious,brokethesilence.
（二）后置法
1.重复先行词
举例：
ItoldthestorytoJohn,whotoldittohisbrother.
WewishtoexpressoursatisfactionatthistotheSpecialCommittee,whoseactivitiesdeservetobeencouraged.
You,whosepredecessorsscoredinitialsuccessinastronomicalresearch,haveacquiredagreateraccomplishmentinthisrespect.
Althoughhelacksexperience,hehasenterpriseandcreativity,whicharedecisiveinachievingsuccessinthearea.
2.省略先行词
举例：
Itishewhoreceivedtheletterthatannouncedthedeathofyouruncle.
Theyworkedoutanewmethodbywhichproductionhasnowbeenrapidlyincreased.
Afterdinner,thefourkeynegotiatorsresumedtheirtalks,whichcontinuedwellintothenight.
（三）融合法
举例：
Thereisamandownstairswhowantstoseeyou.
Inourfactory,therearemanypeoplewhoaremuchinterestedinthenewinvention.
Weusedaplaneofwhichalmosteverypartcarriedsomeindicationofnationalidentity.
Shehadabalanceatherbanker’swhichwouldhavemadeherbelovedanywhere.
（四）状译法
1.译成表示“时间”的分句
举例：
Adriverwhoisdrivingthebusmustn’ttalkwithothersorbeabsent-minded.
2.译成表示“原因”的分句
举例：
HeshowednofurtherwishforconversationwithMrs.Smith,whowasnowmorethanusuallyinsolentanddisagreeable.
3.译成表示“条件”的分句
举例：
Menbecomedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwillhelpthemtokeepalivetheirfamilies.
4.译成表示“让步”的分句
举例：
Heinsistedonbuyinganotherhouse,whichhehadnousefor.
5.译成表示“目的”的分句
举例：
Hewishestowriteanarticlethatwillattractthepublicattentiontothematter.
Heiscollectingauthenticmaterialthatproveshisargument.
6.译成表示“结果”的分句
举例：
Theytriedtostampouttherevolt,whichspreadallthemorefuriously.
7.译成表示“转折”的分句
举例：
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.
三.被动语态的翻译
（一）译成汉语主动句
1.保存原文主语
举例：
ThemeetingisscheduledforApril6th.
Watercanbechangedfromaliquidintoasolid.
Whenrustisformed,achemicalchangehastakenplace.
2.主宾颠倒
举例1：
Shewasgivenanewpenbyherfather.
Heatandlightcanbegivenoffbythischemicalchange.
Onlyasmallportionofsolarenergyisnowbeingusedbyus.
举例2：
Communicationsatelliteshavealreadybeenusedforlivingtransmissioninourcountry.
Thenumericaldataconcernedareprovidedinthenextchapter.
3.增加主语
举例：
Theissuehasnotyetbeenthoroughlyexplored.
Shewasseentoenterthebuildingaboutthetimethecrimewascommitted.
Whatwesayherewillnotbelongremembered,butwhatwedoherecanchangetheworld.
（二）译成汉语无主句
举例：
Measureshavebeentakentopreventtheepidemicfromspreadingquickly.
Watercanbeshownascontainingimpurities.
Theunpleasantnoisemustbeimmediatelyputanend.
（三）译成汉语判断句
举例：
Thedecisiontoattackwasnottakenlightly.
PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.
ThemanuscriptwassenttotheprinterinLondonafewweeksbeforetheFrenchrevolution.
ThecreditsysteminAmericawasfirstadoptedbyHarvardUniversityin1872.
（四）译成汉语被动句
举例：
Hehadbeenfiredforrefusingtoobeyordersfromtheheadoffice.
Theschoolboywasknockeddownbyaminibuswhencrossingthestreet.
Hewaspraisedbyhisteacher.
Problemsshouldberesolvedingoodtime.
Foralongperiodtocome,mostofChina’selderlywillcontinuetobeprovidedforbytheirfamilies.
（五）常用被动句型“It+被动语态+that”的翻译
举例：
Itisconsideredthatbioclimatologyisaninvolvedsubject.
Itisstressedthatthefieldofsciencemaybedividedintotwomajorareas:
naturalscienceandsocialscience.
Itshouldbepointedoutthatthisprocessisoxidation.
【常用被动句型的习惯译法】
Itishopedthat…希望，有人希望
Itisassumedthat…假设，假定
Itisclaimedthat…据说，有人主张
Itisbelievedthat…有人相信，大家相信
Itisreportedthat…据报道，据通报
Itisconsideredthat…人们认为，据估计
Itissaidthat…据说，有人说
Itissupposedthat…
Ithasbeenannouncedthat…
Itisassertedthat…
Itisrumoredthat…
Itisnoticedthat…
Itissuggestedthat…
Itislearnedthat…
Itisdemonstratedthat…
Itisestimatedthat…
Itispointedoutthat…
Itisproposedthat…
Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…
Itisstressedthat…
Itcannotbedeniedthat…
Itissometimesaskedthat…
Itmustbeadmittedthat…
Ithasbeenillustratedthat…
Itisuniversallyacceptedthat…
Itisunanimouslyagreedthat…
Itcanbesaidwithoutexaggerationthat…
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