中国人民大学英语语言学真题.docx
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中国人民大学英语语言学真题
2017年中国人民大学英语语言学真题
Ⅰ.
Fillintheblankswiththerightlinguisticconcepts.
Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)as1and2.Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andthelatteristheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeitherthroughspeechorthroughwriting.1.
答案:
langue
2.
答案:
parole
3grammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,while4grammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostcontemporarylinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursnaturallyinthelanguageshouldbedescribed.3.
答案:
descriptive
4.
答案:
prescriptive
5studieshowthespeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,andreceived,and6studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.5.
答案:
phonetics
6.
答案:
phonology
7.Wordswhichhavedifferentmeaningsbutarewrittendifferentlyandsoundalikearecalled.
答案:
homophones
8.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsisandperformance.
答案:
competence
Therearetwofieldsofmorphology:
thestudyof9andthestudyof10.9.
答案:
inflectional
10.
答案:
lexical/derivational
"Theworldislikeastage"isanexampleof11,and"Alltheworldisastage"isanexampleof12.Theyareoftenusedinanalyzingfeaturesofliterarylanguage.11.
答案:
simile
12.
答案:
metaphor
13studiesmeaninginlanguage,14isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,and15isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Theyareallamongthemainbranchesoflinguistics.13.
答案:
semantics
14.
答案:
syntax
15.
答案:
morphology
16isthestudyofthelanguage-processingmechanisms.Itisconcernedwiththestorage,comprehension,productionandacquisitionoflanguage;17,ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Theybothbelongtobranchesofmacrolinguistics.16.
答案:
psycholinguistics
17.
答案:
sociolinguistics
18.Thepartoflinguisticsthatstudiesthelanguageofliteratureiscalled.Itfocusesonthestudyoflinguisticfeaturesrelatedtoliterarystyle.
答案:
stylistics
19.Childrenfrequentlysaytoothsandmouses,insteadofteethandmice.Theseareexamplesof.
答案:
overgeneralization
20isarelativelycomplexformofcompoundinginwhichanewwordisformedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofonewordandthefinalpartofanotherword.
Forexample,theEnglishwordsmogismadefrom21and22.20.
答案:
blending
21.
答案:
smoke
22.
答案:
fog
Ⅱ.
Givebriefdefinitionsofthefollowingterms.
1.Phoneme
答案:
Phoneme.Itreferstotheabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,inEnglish,/p/isdescribedasaphoneme.
2.CALL
答案:
CALL.Itistheabbreviationofcomputer-assistedlanguagelearning,whichreferstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofasecondorforeignlanguage.InthiskindofCALLprograms,thecomputerleadsthestudentthroughalearningtaskstep-by-step,askingquestionstocheckcomprehension.Dependingonthestudent'sresponse,thecomputergivesthestudentfurtherpracticeorprogressestonewmaterial.
3.ICanalysis
答案:
ICanalysis.ICanalysis(immediateconstituentanalysis)referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents—wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Inpractice,forthesakeofconvenience,weusuallystopatthelevelofword.
4.Linguisticrelativity
答案:
Linguisticrelativity.ThisisoneoftwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis.Itstatesthatsimilaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.Thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldis.Forexample,noteverylanguagehasthesamesetofwordsforthecolors;inSpanishthereisnowordthatcorrespondstotheEnglishmeaningof"blue".
5.Silentperiod
答案:
Silentperiod.Itreferstoaperiodintheinitialphaseofthelanguageacquisitionprocess,duringwhichchildrenacquiringanewlanguageinnaturalsettingsaresilentandconcentrateoncomprehension.Andtheymayrespond,ifnecessary,onlyinanon-verbalwayorbymakinguseofasetofmemorizedphrases.Thisphenomenonisalsoobservedwhenweseehowchildrenacquiretheirmothertongue.
6.Gradableantonym
答案:
Gradableantonym.Gradableantonymsareantonymsthataregradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair.Forexample,coldandwarmconstituteapairofgradableantonyms.
Ⅲ.
GiveShortanswerstothefollowingquestions:
1.Inwhatwaysdopeoplecooperateintheirconversations?
答案:
Indailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem,andaccordingtoGrice,theyseemtoobservewillinglyorunwillinglycertainprinciple,whichiscalled"cooperativeprinciple":
"Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged".Underthisprinciple,therearefourmaxims,namely,Quantity,Quality,Relation,andManner.
2.Howistheillocutionaryactdifferentfromtheperlocutionaryact?
答案:
Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Thus,ifsomeonesays"Morning",wecanaskquestionslike"Whatdidhemean?
"andtheanswercouldbe"Heofferedagreeting."
Aperlocutionaryact,however,istheeffectoftheutterance.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,andsoon.Therefore,theperlocutionaryactofthesaying"Morning"couldbetokeepfriendlyrelationswiththehearer.
3.WhydidChomskymakethedistinctionbetweenDeepandSurfacestructures?
答案:
Ingenerativegrammar,deepstructureistheabstractsyntacticrepresentationofasentence,theunderlyinglevelofstructuralorganizationwhichspecifiesallthefactorsgoverningthewaythesentenceshouldbeinterpreted.Ontheotherhand,surfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothephonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostcloselycorrespondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.
AccordingtoChomsky,itisnecessarytomakethedistinction,sinceitishelpfultodifferentiateandanalyzesyntacticstructuressuchas"Johniseasytoplease"and"Johniseagertoplease",andalsotodisambiguatestructureslike"theshootingofthehunters".Moreimportantly,itreflectstwoofthestagesofhowthelanguageisprocessedthroughthegenerativegrammar:
thedeepstructure,whichisanunderlyingstructure,hastobetransformedtothesurfacestructureviaasetoftransformationalrules.
4.Whatarethemajorconcernsofpragmatics?
答案:
Pragmaticsisthestudyofthelanguageinuse.Itismainlyabouthowspeakersuselanguageappropriatelyandeffectivelyinaccordancewithagivencontext.Itisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaningascommunicatedbyaspeaker(orwriter)andinterpretedbyalistener(orreader).Ithasmoretodowithparticipantsofcommunicationandcontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplace.Hencethestudyofspeaker'smeaning,thatofcontextualmeaning,ofwhatisunsaidbutcommunicated.
5.Forthesystemoftransitivity,Hallidayidentifiedsixkindsofprocess,eachwithdifferenttypesofparticipants.Listfouroftheprocessesandcommentontheeffectivenessofsuchclassification.
答案:
Forthesystemoftransitivity,Hallidayhasidentifiedsixkindsofprocess,andfourofthemarematerialprocess,relationalprocess,behavioralprocess,andmentalprocess.
Suchaclassificationhasalottodowiththesystemic-functionalapproachofgrammarinterpretation.Theclassificationofthesystemoftransitivityhelpsrevealthefunctionsofthecomponentsinrelationtothewholeclause;itisaninterpretationofgrammarintermsofideationalfunction.Thesesixtypesofprocesshavedividedupthesemanticsystemofideationalfunction,byshowingthevariouswaysoflanguagetoreactonthematerialworldaroundus,andmakesenseoftheirexperienceofwhatgoesonaroundthemandinsidethem,orinotherwords,toperformtheideationalfunction.
Ⅳ.
Answerthefollowingquestions,citingexamplestosupportyourideas.
1.Whatarethesevenfunctionsofhumanlanguage?
答案:
AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions,andtheyareillustratedasfollows:
1)Informativefunction.Itmeansthatlanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandlanguageservesaninformationalfunctionwhenusedtotellsomething.Itisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.Thedeclarativesentencessuchas"Thisisabook."arethetypicalillustrationofthisfunction.
2)Interpersonalfunction.Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Itisthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage.Intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar,thisfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser'sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves(suchasDearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.
3)Performativefunction.Th