中国人民大学英语语言学真题.docx

中国人民大学英语语言学真题.docx

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中国人民大学英语语言学真题

2017年中国人民大学英语语言学真题

Ⅰ.

Fillintheblankswiththerightlinguisticconcepts.

Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）as1and2.Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andthelatteristheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeitherthroughspeechorthroughwriting.1.

答案：

langue

2.

答案：

parole

3grammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,while4grammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostcontemporarylinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursnaturallyinthelanguageshouldbedescribed.3.

答案：

descriptive

4.

答案：

prescriptive

5studieshowthespeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,andreceived,and6studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.5.

答案：

phonetics

6.

答案：

phonology

7.Wordswhichhavedifferentmeaningsbutarewrittendifferentlyandsoundalikearecalled.

答案：

homophones

8.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsisandperformance.

答案：

competence

Therearetwofieldsofmorphology:

thestudyof9andthestudyof10.9.

答案：

inflectional

10.

答案：

lexical/derivational

"Theworldislikeastage"isanexampleof11,and"Alltheworldisastage"isanexampleof12.Theyareoftenusedinanalyzingfeaturesofliterarylanguage.11.

答案：

simile

12.

答案：

metaphor

13studiesmeaninginlanguage,14isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,and15isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Theyareallamongthemainbranchesoflinguistics.13.

答案：

semantics

14.

答案：

syntax

15.

答案：

morphology

16isthestudyofthelanguage-processingmechanisms.Itisconcernedwiththestorage,comprehension,productionandacquisitionoflanguage;17,ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Theybothbelongtobranchesofmacrolinguistics.16.

答案：

psycholinguistics

17.

答案：

sociolinguistics

18.Thepartoflinguisticsthatstudiesthelanguageofliteratureiscalled.Itfocusesonthestudyoflinguisticfeaturesrelatedtoliterarystyle.

答案：

stylistics

19.Childrenfrequentlysaytoothsandmouses,insteadofteethandmice.Theseareexamplesof.

答案：

overgeneralization

20isarelativelycomplexformofcompoundinginwhichanewwordisformedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofonewordandthefinalpartofanotherword.

Forexample,theEnglishwordsmogismadefrom21and22.20.

答案：

blending

21.

答案：

smoke

22.

答案：

fog

Ⅱ.

Givebriefdefinitionsofthefollowingterms.

1.Phoneme

答案：

Phoneme.Itreferstotheabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,inEnglish,/p/isdescribedasaphoneme.

2.CALL

答案：

CALL.Itistheabbreviationofcomputer-assistedlanguagelearning,whichreferstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofasecondorforeignlanguage.InthiskindofCALLprograms,thecomputerleadsthestudentthroughalearningtaskstep-by-step,askingquestionstocheckcomprehension.Dependingonthestudent'sresponse,thecomputergivesthestudentfurtherpracticeorprogressestonewmaterial.

3.ICanalysis

答案：

ICanalysis.ICanalysis（immediateconstituentanalysis）referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents—wordgroups（orphrases）,whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Inpractice,forthesakeofconvenience,weusuallystopatthelevelofword.

4.Linguisticrelativity

答案：

Linguisticrelativity.ThisisoneoftwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis.Itstatesthatsimilaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.Thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldis.Forexample,noteverylanguagehasthesamesetofwordsforthecolors;inSpanishthereisnowordthatcorrespondstotheEnglishmeaningof"blue".

5.Silentperiod

答案：

Silentperiod.Itreferstoaperiodintheinitialphaseofthelanguageacquisitionprocess,duringwhichchildrenacquiringanewlanguageinnaturalsettingsaresilentandconcentrateoncomprehension.Andtheymayrespond,ifnecessary,onlyinanon-verbalwayorbymakinguseofasetofmemorizedphrases.Thisphenomenonisalsoobservedwhenweseehowchildrenacquiretheirmothertongue.

6.Gradableantonym

答案：

Gradableantonym.Gradableantonymsareantonymsthataregradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair.Forexample,coldandwarmconstituteapairofgradableantonyms.

Ⅲ.

GiveShortanswerstothefollowingquestions:

1.Inwhatwaysdopeoplecooperateintheirconversations?

答案：

Indailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem,andaccordingtoGrice,theyseemtoobservewillinglyorunwillinglycertainprinciple,whichiscalled"cooperativeprinciple":

"Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged".Underthisprinciple,therearefourmaxims,namely,Quantity,Quality,Relation,andManner.

2.Howistheillocutionaryactdifferentfromtheperlocutionaryact?

答案：

Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Thus,ifsomeonesays"Morning",wecanaskquestionslike"Whatdidhemean?

"andtheanswercouldbe"Heofferedagreeting."

Aperlocutionaryact,however,istheeffectoftheutterance.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,andsoon.Therefore,theperlocutionaryactofthesaying"Morning"couldbetokeepfriendlyrelationswiththehearer.

3.WhydidChomskymakethedistinctionbetweenDeepandSurfacestructures?

答案：

Ingenerativegrammar,deepstructureistheabstractsyntacticrepresentationofasentence,theunderlyinglevelofstructuralorganizationwhichspecifiesallthefactorsgoverningthewaythesentenceshouldbeinterpreted.Ontheotherhand,surfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothephonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostcloselycorrespondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.

AccordingtoChomsky,itisnecessarytomakethedistinction,sinceitishelpfultodifferentiateandanalyzesyntacticstructuressuchas"Johniseasytoplease"and"Johniseagertoplease",andalsotodisambiguatestructureslike"theshootingofthehunters".Moreimportantly,itreflectstwoofthestagesofhowthelanguageisprocessedthroughthegenerativegrammar:

thedeepstructure,whichisanunderlyingstructure,hastobetransformedtothesurfacestructureviaasetoftransformationalrules.

4.Whatarethemajorconcernsofpragmatics?

答案：

Pragmaticsisthestudyofthelanguageinuse.Itismainlyabouthowspeakersuselanguageappropriatelyandeffectivelyinaccordancewithagivencontext.Itisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaningascommunicatedbyaspeaker（orwriter）andinterpretedbyalistener（orreader）.Ithasmoretodowithparticipantsofcommunicationandcontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplace.Hencethestudyofspeaker'smeaning,thatofcontextualmeaning,ofwhatisunsaidbutcommunicated.

5.Forthesystemoftransitivity,Hallidayidentifiedsixkindsofprocess,eachwithdifferenttypesofparticipants.Listfouroftheprocessesandcommentontheeffectivenessofsuchclassification.

答案：

Forthesystemoftransitivity,Hallidayhasidentifiedsixkindsofprocess,andfourofthemarematerialprocess,relationalprocess,behavioralprocess,andmentalprocess.

Suchaclassificationhasalottodowiththesystemic-functionalapproachofgrammarinterpretation.Theclassificationofthesystemoftransitivityhelpsrevealthefunctionsofthecomponentsinrelationtothewholeclause;itisaninterpretationofgrammarintermsofideationalfunction.Thesesixtypesofprocesshavedividedupthesemanticsystemofideationalfunction,byshowingthevariouswaysoflanguagetoreactonthematerialworldaroundus,andmakesenseoftheirexperienceofwhatgoesonaroundthemandinsidethem,orinotherwords,toperformtheideationalfunction.

Ⅳ.

Answerthefollowingquestions,citingexamplestosupportyourideas.

1.Whatarethesevenfunctionsofhumanlanguage?

答案：

AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions,andtheyareillustratedasfollows:

1）Informativefunction.Itmeansthatlanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandlanguageservesaninformationalfunctionwhenusedtotellsomething.Itisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.Thedeclarativesentencessuchas"Thisisabook."arethetypicalillustrationofthisfunction.

2）Interpersonalfunction.Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Itisthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage.Intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar,thisfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser'sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves（suchasDearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant）indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.

3）Performativefunction.Th