预应力混凝土的普遍应用外文翻译.docx

预应力混凝土的普遍应用外文翻译.docx

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预应力混凝土的普遍应用外文翻译

西南交通大学

本科毕业设计

外文资料翻译

年级:

2006级

学号:

姓名:

郭鹏

专业:

土木工程

指导教师:

杨荣山

2020年6月

英文翻译原稿

Prestressed Concrete the extensive application

Priestessesconcreteisusedinconcretestructuresunderloadbeforetheproductionphase,theuseofpre-stageofthetensionzoneimposedstress,thestresscausedbyanartificialstate.Whenthecomponentsusedtobearaloadandstress,firstofalltooffsetthepre-stressconcrete,andthenastheloadincreases,theRajahareaofconcreteproducedstress.Therefore,concretecracksmaydelaytheemergenceandimplementation,tomeettheapplicationrequirements.Instructuralmemberstobearthisloadbeforethepre-tensionzoneimposedstressoftheconcretestructuralmembers,calledonpriestessesconcretestructures.

China'suseofpriestessesconcretesleepermorethan30years,theconcretesleeperinalotofdamagerelatedtotrafficsafety,whichisoftenconsideredfailuressleeperoperationshouldbereplacedontheline.Buttoputthenewsleeper,inadditiontore-create,butalsohandling,transportandwenttothelineonthepillow-for-work,notonlyneedtospendalotofmanpowerandmaterialresources,andsometimesimpactontraffic,thecostisoftenasleeperitselfCostFourtofivetimes.

Sleeperasapriestess’sconcretestructure,cracksaredifficulttoavoid,priestessesconcretesleeperonthecausesanddangersofcracksonhowthepreventionandcontrolofcracks,concretesleepertoimprovethedurabilityofthestructure,toextendthelifeofsleeper,Willbeveryimportant.

1.causescracksinconcretesleeper

Cracksinconcretesleepercanbegeneratedfromthestructure,processes,materialsandotheraspectsof,orfromthedesign,manufacture,laying,useofresearch.Here,onlyphysical,chemical,mechanicalpointofviewforanalysis.

  mechanicalfactors

ConcretesleepersufferedmomentnotonlythesizeandZhenhangdynamicpressure,butalsowiththesuboccipitalBallastsupportofthestate.Thelayingoftheoriginaldesignrequirementsandconservationshouldbethemiddlepartofthesleeperemptied400ram,hollowedoutpartofBallasttopofthepillowattheendshouldbelessthan30mm,toavoidnegativemomenttoolargeapillowintheupperhorizontalcleft.Inrecentyearsdonotrequirethemiddleemptied,themiddleshouldbefloatingpadforballast.Assumptionthatthedesignofthemiddlepartofthesupportingforceshouldbepartofthetrackunder3/4（hollowedoutat0）.Andthegeneralpriestessesconcreteproductsdifferentfromthesleepertrainwiththestatesupportedtheoperationandmaintenanceofconditionsconstantlychanging,oncesupportedstateandZhenhangverticaldynamicpressurearisingfromthecombinedeffectsofmorethandesignlimitsatthemoment,Thecorrespondingpartofsleeperwillhaveacrack.Inadditionwhenthepre-stressincreasesStrippingtoolargeandwhenconcretestrengthisinadequate,theendofthesleeperwillhaveaverticalcrack;railtrainsrunningonthelevelandverticalforceandspiralclipboltcausedbypullingontheedgeandmakesleeperBoltclipboltholesaroundaverticalandhorizontalcracks.

  physicalfactors

Physicalfactorsmeansthesleepermanufactureandlaying,inthecourseofoperatingthehotandcold,wetanddry,suchastheroleoffreezingandthawing.Whentheconservationprocessofwarmingupsteamsoon,whenthehightemperaturethermostat,theconcretegas,water,cement,gravel,andsodifferentcoefficientofthermalexpansionofdifferentmaterials,andconcretestructureoftheearlyintensityandlow,sothathigh-temperaturegas,watergreatlyexpanded,resultinginConcreteinternalstructuraldeficiencies,easilyleadtothesurfaceinparticularsleeperEndoftheconcretesurfacecracks,loose.

Forsometime,manyfactoriesintheproductionofsteamconservationsleepernopre-custodytime,warmingupquickly,thermostattemperatureishigherthan95℃,Strippingattheendoftheconcretesleeperswelling,loosesituationoftenoccurred.

Chemicalfactors

Chemicalfactorsthatsteelcorrosion,concretecorrosion,carbonated,alkaliaggregatereaction,andsoon.Chinaontheconcretesleeper,whichalkaliaggregatereaction（AAR）causedthedamagecannotbeignored.Alkaliaggregatereactionofthethreeconditionsare:

aggregateactivity,high-alkalicementandwater,thedestructionofmorethanthreeisachemicalreaction,intheaggregateintheconcreteandcementinterfaceontheformationofsilicategel,Volumeexpansioncausedconcretecracking.Oneofthemostcommonbase-silicareaction.

AsChina'scementproductionforalongtimenottolimitalkalicontent.Usinghigh-alkalicementincreasedcementproductionandreducecosts.Chinahassomeareasofconcretecoarseaggregate（stone）hasobviousbaseactivity,acombinationofbothtogether,easytoformalkaliaggregatereaction（AAR）damage.Thisissueisfromthelate1960s,afactoryproductionofpriestess’sconcretesleeper（andbridges）andthefractureoccurredrepeatedlycracking,andthestructure,process,layingtheconservationconditionstoimprovestillfurtherfracture,crackingthereuntilthelate1980s,begantoberecognizedandconfirmedbythepilot.Inspectionprocessis:

firstconcretesleeperinthecore-sample,thetestitems,including:

①thenakedeyeorusingthree-dimensionalmicroscope,andthenside-thinreflectivemicroscope,thedamagecausedbythegeneralAARregularinjuryaggregateparticles,themorecracksfromtheaggregateExtendingtotheslurry,andsometimesalsoobviousobservationaggregatestarsexpectedtosplitortornedges.Thisfeatureisveryimportant,becauseofsaltcorrosion,chemicalcorrosion,steelcorrosion,carbonate,suchasmechanicalloadwillnotmakeaggregateparticlesbyinjury,sothisisAARandotherfactorsunderminingthemainfeatures;②coupledwiththeabilitytorelyontheelectronmicroscopeSpectrumanalysiscanbemeasuredalkalisilicategel'schemicalcomposition,thisisadirectproofofAAR.Inaddition,concreteaggregateformechanicalandchemicalmethods（generallydealwithhydrochloricacid）separation,reuseandrapidmethodofidentificationitsphase-alkaliactivity.

Tosumup,verticalcracksinthemainbyinternalfactors（materials,structure,technologyfactors）duetoexternalfactors（loadingandfreeze-thaw,wetanddrycycle）isonlypromotetheirdevelopment,horizontalcracksareinternal（priestessesreinforced,sectionAndconcretestrength）andexternalfactors（loadingandsleeperboundaryconditions）causedbyacombination.

2.cracksintheconcretesleeperdurabilityofthestructure

（1）sleeperintheopen-airenvironment,becauseofdenseconcrete,water,gaswillnotinfiltrateintotheinternal,butcracksintoacertainwidthanddepthofcracksattheprotectionlayer,water,gaswillreachthepenetrationalongthecracksgraduallyreinforced,Causedsteelcorrosionandrust,rustisacompoundofiron（ironoxide）,fourtimesitsvolumeexpansionintheconcretecausedinternalstress,leadingtofurthercrackingconcrete,reinforcedandpriestessesconcreteandBondingoflowerThusaffectingthesleeperofthecarryingcapacity.

（2）Studyshowsthatonlycracksintheconcretestructureofacertainwidth,water,gascanbeinfiltrated,fromsteelcorrosion.Domesticandinternationalnorms,reinforcedconcretestructuretoallowthecrackwidthof~（dependingonthemediaenvironment）,priestessesconcretestructuredoesnotallowevenacrack,itspurposeistoensurethatnoreinforcementcorrosion.However,manytimesathomeandabroadfortheinvestigationandtrial,andthatcrackwidthandnotdirectlyrelatedtosteelcorrosion.

（3）Researchalsoshowsthattheverticalcracksonthedurabilityofthegeneralstructurethanthehorizontalcracksserious.Reinforcedconcretestructuresduetothelongitudinalcrackswillcausethesteelcorrosionprotectionlayerpeelingoff;crackingconcreteexpansionwillcauseosteoporosis,swapblock.Theauthorhadbeentakenfromdifferentroutes16,withadifferentstateofthesleeperSplit11,thenormalsleeper5,case-by-trackrootsarecrackingundersectionstaticstrengthandfatiguestrengthtest.Table3fromthetestresultscanbeseen:

①throughcracksinthesleeper,mostoftherailsectionunderstaticloadcrackingstrengthobviouslylower;②endofthefractureorcrackingofthesleeper,staticcrackingstrengthAndfatigue,comparedwiththenormalsleeper,ingeneraltherewasnosignificantdifference.Thisshowsthattheendoftherailfractureandmultiplecracksfromthesurface,nottoinfluencethedevelopmentofconcreteandsteeloftheBonding.

3.concretesleepercracksinthepreventionandcontrol

Sleeperasapriestess’sconcretestructure,inordertocompletelyeliminatecracksisverydifficulttodo.Afterall,butthecrackisharmful.Forthisreason,everyeffortshouldbemadetopreventtheemergenceofcrack.

Preventionandcontrolofcracks,youcanstartwithathree-pronged:

First,fromthemechanicalpointofview,inordertopreventhorizontalcracks,exceptinaccordancewiththegreatestpossibleload,therationalallocationofpriestessesreinforced,wemustalsostrengthentheendofthestirrupsandthespiralreinforcementclipboltwholeconfiguration.Inaddition,tostrengthentheconservationlinemaintenancesothatthesleeperisinagoodstatesupportunderthetrackandpreventthesleeperpillowhorizontalcracksappearedinthemajorconditions.

StirrupsandspiralreinforcementofthesettingsandpreventsleeperEndandcentralfracturecracksandnailholes,butnottheoverallstirrupsitself,andisreinforcedandpriestesseslooselap