《语言学导论》期末复习及练习doc.docx
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《语言学导论》期末复习及练习doc
《语言学导论》复习及各章节练习
CHAPTERONE
I.Designfeaturesoflanguage:
productivity,duality,arbitrariness,anddisplacement
ILOriginoflanguage:
•Themysteriousoriginofthelanguageorholyorigin
•Bow-wow自然模声说
•Yo-he-ho劳动号子说
•Evolution进化说
•Conventionalism约定俗成说
•Innatism先天论
•After-birthacquisition后天习得说
•Gestures手势说
•Embodiment体验说（Reality―cognition—language）
III.Functionsoflanguage:
informativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction
IV.Linguisticsanditsbranches
1.Sixperiodsoflinguistics
•Philology传统语文学时期（19世纪前）
•Historical&comparativelinguistics历史比较语言学时期（19世纪）
•Structurallinguistics结构主义语言学时期（20世纪初）
•Functionallinguistics系统功能主义语言学时期（20世纪中）
•Transferredgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学时期（20世纪中）
•Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学时期（20世纪80年代）
2.internalbranches:
inrea-disciplinarydivisions（内部分支）
1）Phonetics（语音学）studieshowspeechsoundsarepronounced,transmittedandperceived.
2）Phonology（音系学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列）
3）Morphology（形态学）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.
4）Syntax（句法学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsare
combinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyofinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.
5）Semantics（语义学）isthestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,oritisthe
studyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.
6）Pragmatics（语用学）isthestudyofmeaningincontextorinuse.
3.externalbranches:
inter-disciplinarydivisions（外部分支：
跨学科分支，即宏观语言学分支）
1）Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.
2）Sociolinguisticsstudiesthecharacteristicsoflanguagesvarieties,languagefunctionsandspeakersasthethreeinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.
3）Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestheemergenceoflanguageandthedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.
4）Computationallinguisticsstudiestheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.
ChapterTwoPhonetics
1.Sub-branchesofphonetics
Articulatoryphonetics:
theproductionofspeechsounds
Acousticphonetics:
thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds
Auditoryphoneticsorperceptualphonetics:
theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds
2.Groupsofspeechsounds
Consonantsandvowels
3.Waystodescribeconsonants
1）positionofarticulation
2）mannerofarticulation
3）voicedorvoiceless
4.Waystodescribevowels
1）theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）;
2）thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）
3）thelengthortensenessofthevowel（tensevs.laxorlongvs.short）;
4）lip-rounding（roundedvs.unrounded）
ChapterThreePhonology
I.PhonemesandAllophones
1.Phoneme:
adistinctive,abstractsoundwithadistinctivefeature（具有区另U意义的最小语音单位）
2.Allophones:
thevariantsofaphoneme（音位变体）
3.Contrastivedistribution（对立分布）：
thetypicaltobefoundinMinimalPairs（最小对比对）。
AMinimalPairreferstotwowordswhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesound（onephoneme）andwhichalsodifferinmeaning,forexample,bearandpear.
4.Complementarydistribution（互补分布）:
allophonesarenotfoundinthesameposition
5.Freevariation（自由变体）：
Ifsegmentsappearinthesamepositionbutthemutualsubstitutiondoesnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.
II.SuprasegmentalFeatures（超音段特征）
Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,toneandintonation.
ChapterFourMorphology
I.Morpheme
1.Morpheme:
thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage（最小的有意义的语言单位）
2.FreeMorphemes（自由语素）andBoundMorphemes（黏着语素）
1）Freemorphemes:
Morphemesconstitutingwordsbythemselvesarecalledfreemorphemes.Theyarerootsofwords.
2）Boundmorphemes:
Morphemesalwaysattachedtofreemorphemestoformnewwordsarecalledboundmorphemes.Theyareaffixesofwords,whichcanbefurtherdividedintoinflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）andderivationalaffixes（派生词缀）.
3）InflectionalmorphemesinmodernEnglishindicatecaseandnumberofnouns,tense
andaspectofverbs,anddegreeofadjectivesandadverbs.
4）Derivationalmorphemesareboundmorphemesaddedtoexistingformstoconstructnewwords.
ILWordFormation
1.Derivation（派生法）
2.Compounding（复合法）
3.Lexicalchangeproper（特有的词汇变化）
Inventionorcoinage
Blending
Abbreviation
Acronym
Back-formation
Borrowing
III.Semanticchange
Broadening（词义扩大）
Narrowing（词义缩小）
Metathesis（
Meaningshift（词义转移）
ChapterFiveSyntax
I.TraditionalGrammar（传统语法）
1.Intraditionalgrammar,asentenceisconsideredasequenceofwordswhichareclassifiedintopartsofspeech.
2.Sentencesareanalysedintermsofgrammaticalfunctionsofwords:
subjects,objects,predicatesandpredicator.
3.Nouns:
number,case,gender,countability
4.Verbs:
tense,aspect,voice
5.Agreementinnumber,personandgender
II.StructuralGrammar（结构主义语法）
1.ItwasfoundedbySaussure,whodistinguishesthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker
andtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguisticsasLangue（语言）andparole（言语）.
2.Structuralgrammararoseoutofanattempttodeviatetraditionalgrammar.Itdealswiththe
inter-relationshipsofdifferentgrammaticalunits.Intheconcernofstructuralgrammar,wordsarenotjustindependentgrammaticalunits,butareinter-relatedtooneanother.
3.Keyconcepts:
syntagmaticandparadigmatic（associative）relations（横组合关系和纵聚
合关系/联想关系），structureandsystem（结构与系统），immediateconstituentsanalysis（直接成分分析法），endocentricandexocentricconstructions（向心结构与离心结构）
III.Transformational-Generative（TG）Grammar（转换生成语法）
1.ItwasfoundedbyNoamChomsky,whobelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate
TheInnatenessHypothesis（天赋4段说）andthatchildrenarebornwithaLanguageAcquisitionDevice（语言习得机缶U）,whichconsistsofthreeelements:
ahypothesis-maker（假设标记），linguisticuniversal（语言普遍现象）andanevaluationprocedure（评估程序）。
2.Chomskydistinguishesalanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules
andtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituationasCompetence（语言能力）andPerformance（语言运用）.TGGrammartakestheidealspeaker'slinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.
3.TGGrammarhasexperiencedfivestagesofdevelopment:
theClassicalTheory,theStandardTheory,theExtendedStandardTheory,theRevisedExtendedStandardTheoryandtheMinimalistProgram.
IV.Systematic-FunctionalGrammar（系统功能语法）
1.ItwasfoundedbyM.A.K.Hallidayandtakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectof
study.
2.TheGrammarhastwocomponents:
SystematicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar.
3.Keyconcepts:
themeandrheme（主位下口述位），communicativedynamism（交际动力），
thethreemeta-functionsoflanguageideationalfunction（概念功能），interpersonal
function（人际功能）andtexualfunction（文本功能）.
Summary
Schools
representatives
TheoriesandConcepts
1
Saussure
Languageisasystemofsigns.
StructuralGrammar
2
Chomsky
TGGrammar
ThePragueSchool
/
Synchroniclinguisticstudy
Languageisfunctional.
FunctionalSentencePerspective（FSP）
ThemeandRheme
TheLondonSchool
Firth
Hallidy
Theobjectoflinguisticsislanguageinactualuse.
Systematic-FunctionalGrammar
AmericanStructuralism
BoasandSapir
Bloomfield
Sapir-WhorfHypothesis
Behaviorisminlinguistics
ChapterSixSemantics
I.DefinitionofMeaning
ILG.Leechandhis7typesofmeaning:
Conceptualmeaning,Connotativemeaning,Socialmeaning,Affectivemeaning,Reflectedmeaning,CollocativemeaningandThematicmeaning.
III.Theconceptualview（概念主义观点）：
semantictriangle（语义三角）byOgden&
RichardsSymbolorForm,Referent,andThoughtorReference.
IV.Contextualism（语境主义）：
tobasemeaningoncontext;arepresentativeofthisapproachwasJ.R.Firth.
V.Behaviorism（彳亍为主义）：
themeaningofalanguageformisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer;asupporterofthisapproachwasBloomfield,whowasaprinciplerepresentativeofAmericanStructuralism.
VI.KeyConcepts
1.Lexicalsenserelations（词汇含义关系）
Synonymy（同义关系）
Polysemy（一词多义）
Homonymy（|B］音或同形异义关系）
Hyponymy（±T义关系）
Antonymy（反义关系）
2.sententialsenserelations（语句含义关系）
Tautology（同义反复句）
Contradiction（自相矛盾句）
Inconsistency（矛盾关系）
Synonymousness（同义关系）
Entailment（衍推关系）
Presupposition（预设）
Semanticallyanomalousness（语义反常句）
ChapterSevenPragmatics语用学
I.SpeechActTheory（言语行为理论）
1.Thefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse;
2.FoundedbyJohnLangshawAustin;
3.Themajorideaisthatthingscanbedonewithwords;
4.Twotypesofsentences:
performativeandConstative（行事话语与叙事话语）
5.TheoryoftheIllocutionary（行事行为理论）：
LocutionaryAct（言内行为）,IllocutionaryAct（言外行为），PerlocutionaryAct（言后行为）
II.ConversationalImplicature（会话含义理论）
1.ProposedbyHerbertGrice;
2.TheCooperativePrinciples（合作原则）：
QuantityMaxim（数量准则）
QualityMaxim（质量准则）
RelationMaxim（关系准则）
MannerMaxim（方式准则）
Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics
I.Choosethebestanswer.
1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman.
A.contactB.communicationC.relationD.community
2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?
A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang
3.Thefunctionofthesentence"Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade."is.
A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.Performative
4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay"碎碎（岁岁）平安"asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?
A.
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