《语言学导论》期末复习及练习doc.docx

1、语言学导论期末复习及练习doc语言学导论复习及各章节练习CHAPTER ONEI.Design features of language: productivity, duality, arbitrariness, and displacementIL Origin of language:The mysterious origin of the language or holy originBow-wow自然模声说Yo-he-ho劳动号子说Evolution 进化说Conventionalism 约定俗成说Innatism先天论After-birth acquisition 后天习得说Ges

2、tures手势说Embodiment 体验说（Reality cognition language）III.Functions of language:informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual functionIV.Linguistics and its branches1.Six periods of linguisticsPhilology传统语文学

3、时期（19世纪前）Historical & comparative linguistics 历史比较语言学时期（19 世纪）Structural linguistics结构主义语言学时期（20世纪初）Functional linguistics系统功能主义语言学时期（20世纪中）Transferred generative linguistics 转换生成语言学时期（20 世纪中）Cognitive linguistics认知语言学时期（20世纪80年代）2.internal branches: inrea-disciplinary divisions （内部分支）1） Phonetics （

4、语音学）studies how speech sounds are pronounced, transmitted and perceived.2） Phonology （音系学）is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.（研究语音和音节的结构、 分布和序列）3） Morphology （形态学）is concerned with the internal organization of wo

5、rds. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.4） Syntax（句法学）is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents arecombined to form sentences in a language, or the study of interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.5) Semantics (

6、语义学)is the study of how meaning is encoded in a language, or it is thestudy of meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.6) Pragmatics (语用学)is the study of meaning in context or in use.3.external branches: inter-disciplinary divisions (外部分支：跨学科分支，即宏观语言 学分支)1)Psycholinguistics is

7、 the study of the interrelation of language and mind.2)Sociolinguistics studies the characteristics of languages varieties, language functions and speakers as the three interact and change within a speech community.3 ) Anthropological linguistics studies the emergence of language and the divergence

8、of language over thousands of years.4) Computational linguistics studies the use of computers to process or produce human language.Chapter Two Phonetics1.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics : the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics: the physical properties of speech soundsAudit

9、ory phonetics or perceptual phonetics : the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds2.Groups of speech soundsConsonants and vowels3.Ways to describe consonants1)position of articulation2)manner of articulation3)voiced or voiceless4.Ways to describe vowels1)the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low);

10、2)the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back)3)the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short);4)lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded)Chapter Three PhonologyI.Phonemes and Allophones1.Phoneme: a distinctive, abstract sound with a distinctive feature (具

11、有区另U意义的最小 语音单位)2.Allophones: the variants of a phoneme (音位变体)3.Contrastive distribution (对立分布)：the typical to be found in Minimal Pairs (最小对 比对）。 A Minimal Pair refers to two words which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound （one phoneme） and which also differ in meaning, for example,

12、 bear and pear.4.Complementary distribution （互补分布）:allophones are not found in the same position5.Free variation （自由变体）： If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.II.Suprasegmental Features （超音段特征）T

13、he principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone and intonation.Chapter Four MorphologyI.Morpheme1.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language （最小的有意义的语言单位）2.Free Morphemes （自由语素）and Bound Morphemes （黏着语素）1） Free morphemes: Morphemes constituting words by themselves are called

14、free morphemes. They are roots of words.2） Bound morphemes : Morphemes always attached to free morphemes to form new words are called bound morphemes. They are affixes of words, which can be further divided into inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）and derivational affixes （派生词缀）.3） Inflectional morphemes in

15、modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tenseand aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.4） Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words.IL Word Formation1.Derivation （派生法）2.Compounding（复合法）3.Lexical change proper （特有的词汇变化）Inventio

16、n or coinageBlendingAbbreviationAcronymBack-formationBorrowingIII.Semantic changeBroadening （词义扩大）Narrowing （词义缩小）Metathesis （Meaning shift （词义转移）Chapter Five SyntaxI.Traditional Grammar （传统语法）1.In traditional grammar, a sentence is considered a sequence of words which are classified into parts of s

17、peech.2.Sentences are analysed in terms of grammatical functions of words: subjects, objects, predicates and predicator.3.Nouns: number, case, gender, countability4.Verbs: tense, aspect, voice5.Agreement in number, person and genderII.Structural Grammar （结构主义语法）1.It was founded by Saussure, who dist

18、inguishes the linguistic competence of the speakerand the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as Langue（语言）and parole （言语）.2.Structural grammar arose out of an attempt to deviate traditional grammar. It deals with theinter-relationships of different grammatical units. In the concern of structura

19、l grammar, words are not just independent grammatical units, but are inter-related to one another.3.Key concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic （associative ）relations （横组合关系和纵聚合关系/联想关系），structure and system （结构与系统），immediate constituents analysis（直接成分分析法），endocentric and exocentric constructions （向心

20、结构与离心 结构）III.Transformational-Generative （TG） Grammar （转换生成语法）1.It was founded by Noam Chomsky, who believes that language is somewhat innate The Innateness Hypothesis （天赋4段说）and that children are born with a Language Acquisition Device（语言习得机缶U ） , which consists of three elements: a hypothesis-make

21、r （假设标记），linguistic universal （语言普遍现象）and an evaluation procedure （评估程序）。2.Chomsky distinguishes a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rulesand the actual use of language in concrete situation as Competence （语言能力）and Performance（语言运用）.TG Grammar takes the ideal speakers linguisti

22、c competence as the object of study.3.TG Grammar has experienced five stages of development: the Classical Theory, the Standard Theory, the Extended Standard Theory, the Revised Extended Standard Theory and the Minimalist Program.IV.Systematic-Functional Grammar（系统功能语法）1.It was founded by M. A. K. H

23、alliday and takes actual uses of language as the object ofstudy.2.The Grammar has two components: Systematic Grammar and Functional Grammar.3.Key concepts: theme and rheme （主位下口述位），communicative dynamism（交际动力），the three meta-functions of language ideational function（概念功能），interpersonalfunction （人际功能

24、）and texual function （文本功能）.SummarySchoolsrepresentativesTheories and Concepts1SaussureLanguage is a system of signs.Structural Grammar2ChomskyTG GrammarThe Prague School/Synchronic linguistic studyLanguage is functional.Functional Sentence Perspective（FSP）Theme and RhemeThe London SchoolFirthHallid

25、yThe object of linguistics is language in actual use.Systematic-Functional GrammarAmerican StructuralismBoas and SapirBloomfieldSapir-Whorf HypothesisBehaviorism in linguisticsChapter Six SemanticsI. Definition of MeaningIL G. Leech and his 7 types of meaning: Conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning

26、, Social meaning, Affective meaning, Reflected meaning, Collocative meaning and Thematic meaning.III.The conceptual view （概念主义观点）：semantic triangle（语义三角）by Ogden &Richards Symbol or Form, Referent, and Thought or Reference.IV.Contextualism （语境主义）：to base meaning on context; a representative of this

27、approach was J. R. Firth.V.Behaviorism（彳亍为主义）：the meaning of a language form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer; a supporter of this approach was Bloomfield, who was a principle representative of American Structuralism.VI.Key Concepts1. Lexi

28、cal sense relations （词汇含义关系）Synonymy （同义关系）Polysemy（ 一词多义）Homonymy （|B音或同形异义关系）Hyponymy （T 义关系）Antonymy（反义关系）2.sentential sense relations（语句含义关系）Tautology （同义反复句）Contradiction （自相矛盾句）Inconsistency （矛盾关系）Synonymousness （同义关系）Entailment （衍推关系）Presupposition （预设）Semantically anomalousness （语义反常句）Chapte

29、r Seven Pragmatics 语用学I.Speech Act Theory （言语行为理论）1.The first major theory in the study of language in use;2.Founded by John Langshaw Austin;3.The major idea is that things can be done with words;4.Two types of sentences: performative and Constative （行事话语与叙事话语）5.Theory of the Illocutionary（行事行为理论）：L

30、ocutionary Act （言 内行为）, Illocutionary Act （言外行为），Perlocutionary Act （言后行为）II.Conversational Implicature （会话含义理论）1.Proposed by Herbert Grice;2.The Cooperative Principles （合作原则）：Quantity Maxim （数量准则）Quality Maxim （质量准则）Relation Maxim （关系准则）Manner Maxim （方式准则）Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI.Cho

31、ose the best answer.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human .A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang3.The function of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. is.A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. Performative4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A.