高考英语 语法系列 主 谓 一 致.docx
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高考英语语法系列主谓一致
主谓一致
主编人:
颜闯2007-10-31
知识结构:
概念:
主谓一致指句子的谓语必须在人称和数的变化方面和主语保持一致。
①语法形式上的一致(即主语形式上的单复数决定谓语的单复数)
如:
TomandJackaretwinbrothers.
②意义上一致(即主语意义上的单复数决定谓语的单复数,不看主语的形式)
三原则:
如:
Thenewsissurprising.Thecrowdareshouting.
③就近原则(即谓语的单复形式取决于最靠近它的主语)
如:
or,either...or...,neither...nor等
种类:
用法列举:
一、名词作主语
(1)某些集体名词,如family、team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。
如:
Hisfamilyisahappyone.ThewholefamilyarewatchingTV.这类名词有audience,class,club,company,crew,enemy,crowd,government,group,party,public,team等,agroup/crowdof+复数名词等短语也适合上述情况,population前有分数时即“分数+ofthepopulation”谓语为复数,而thepopulation作主语,谓语为单数。
(2)某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。
如:
Thepolicearesearchingforthethief.
(3)单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。
如:
Asheepisoverthere.//Somesheepareoverthere.
这类名词有:
sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese.
(4)名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等。
作主语时,动词一般用单数。
如:
Thedoctor’sisacrossthestreet.//Myuncle’sisnotfarfromhere.
常见的省略名词有:
thebaker’s,thebarber’s,thecarpenter’s,theZhang’s等。
(5)当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。
如:
Threeyearshaspassedsincethen.
(6)不定代词each,every,no所修饰的单数名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如:
Eachboyandeachgirl_____(want)togothecinema.
(7)如果主语有morethanone...或manya...构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如:
Morethanonestudent_____(have)readthebook.//Manyagirl___(have)beenthere.
但是,“more+复数名词+thanone”结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。
如:
Moremembersthanone______(be)againstyourplan.
(8)一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式,例如:
glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。
但如果主语用“akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
如:
Apairofshoes___(be)onthedesk.
(9)thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(这种书),其谓语动词用单数;短语thiskindofmen=menofthiskindthesekindofmen(口语,这一类人),但thiskindofmen的谓语动词用单数,menofthiskind和thesekindofmen的谓语动词用复数,allkindsof后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。
如:
Thiskindofmen___(be)dangerous.//Menofthiskind___(be)dangerous.
(10)复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。
这类名词有:
means(方法),works(工厂),species(种类),Chinese,Japanese等。
如:
The(This)glassworkswassetupin1980.这家玻璃厂建于1980年。
The(These)glassworksareneartherailwaystation.(这些玻璃厂在火车站附近)
当他们前面有a,sucha,this,that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all,such,these,those修饰时,谓语用复数,但means,nomeans,themeans等词前没有以上修饰词时,可用作单数,也可用作复数。
(11)如果名词词组中心词是all(all指人为复数,指物为单数),most,half,rest等词语,所指是复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之,用单数。
如:
Allofmyclassmates___(like)music.//Allofthewater___(be)gone.
(12)在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
如:
Betweenthetwowindows_____(hang)apicture.
二、由连接词连接的名词作主语
(1)用and或both...and连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。
如:
Plasticsandrubberneverrot.//Walkingandridingaregoodexercises.
但是,并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
如:
Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.//Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.
Toloveandtobelovedisgreathappiness.
Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.//Aknifeandforkisonthetable.
(2)当主语后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,
like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。
如:
Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasinthelibrary.
(3)以or,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso等连接的名词(代词)作主语时,谓语动词的单、复数应根据就近一致的原则。
如:
Tomorhisbrothers____(be)waitingintheroom.//Eitheryouorhe___(be)togo.
三、代词作主语
(1)名词性物主代词作主语时,既可以用作单数,也可以用作复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。
如:
Ours(OurParty)isagreatparty.
Yourshoesareblack,andmine(=myshoes)arebrown.
(2)such,thesame起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
如:
Suchisourplan.Sucharehiswords.
(3)关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
如:
Thosewho____(want)togopleaseputupyourhands.
Someoftheenergythat___(be)usedbymancomesfromthesun.
(4)疑问代词who,what,which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。
如:
Wholivesnextdoor?
ItisXiaoLiu.//Wholivenextdoor?
ItisZhangandLiu.
Whichis(are)yourbook(s)?
//Whatproduce(s)heat?
(5)不定代词any,either,neither,none,all,some,more等作主语时,有以下两种情况:
单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词可用单数或复数形式。
如:
Nowallhasbeenchanged.Allarepresent.
either,neither单独作主语时,谓语通常用单数。
但后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词当然用单数形式,若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。
如:
Do(es)anyofyouknowhisaddress?
//Noneofthemhas(have)seenthefilm.
例:
Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoawinnerofscholarshipfor
threeyears.(2002·上海高考)A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen
依照上例,完成①~③题:
①Maryisoneofthegirlswhooftenlateforschool.A.isB.areC.comesD.get
②Noneofthebambooherethickenoughforbuilding.A.isB.areC.wasD.were
③NobodyharderthanJohndoes.A.workB.worksC.workedD.hasworked
四、分数、量词作主语
(1)“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alarge
quantityof,aheapof,heapsof,halfof+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。
如:
Lotsofdamage____(were/was)causedbyfire.
Aboutthree–fourthsoftheearth’ssurface___(be)coveredwithwater.
Three–fifthsoftheworkershere___(be)women.
和这种情况类似的还有“anumberof+名词复数”,但是,“thenumberof+名词”的中心词却是number,试比较:
Anumberofstudentshavegonehome././Thenumberofpagesinthisbookistwohundred.
注意:
(large)quantitiesof修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。
例如:
Quantitiesoffood(nuts)wereonthetable.
短语inquantity,inlargequantities意为“大量”;insmallquantities意为“少量”。
(2)agreatdealof,alargeamountof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;largeamountsof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。
如:
Alargeamountof(Agreatdealof)damagewasdoneinaveryshorttime.
Largeamountsofmoneywerespentonthebridge.
(3)halfof,(a)partof修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数。
五、名词化的形容词作主语
如果主语由“the+形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数。
这类词有:
thebrave,thepoor,therich,theblind,theyoung,theold,thesick,thedead,thedeafanddumb,theoppressed,theinjured,thewounded,theunemployed等。
如果表示不可数的事物,抽象概念或一个人,谓语动词用单数形式。
Theoldarewelllookedafterbythegovernment.
Theagreeableisnotalwaystheuseful.(赏心悦目的不一定实用。
)
六、动名词、动词不定式短语、主语从句作主语
动名词、动词不定式短语、主语从句作主语,谓语动词用单数。
但由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但若所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
如:
Whatweneedismoretime.//Whatweneedaredoctors.
典型错例分析
(一)
1.①误:
Notonlytheofficialsbutalsotheemperorwerestupid.
②误:
EitheryouorIarewrong.
2.误:
Areeitherofyourparentsaworker?
3.误:
Theyeachraisesaquestion.
4.①误:
Allbutonewasabsenttoday.
②误:
Twentyofthestudentsinourclassaregirl,andtherestisboys.
5.误:
Eachboyandeachgirlwereholdingaflag.
6.误:
Theleaderanddoctorwerewritingaletter.
7.误:
Thefirstandthelastcompositionwaswellwritten.
8.误:
WhatIsayandwhatIthinkismyownaffair.
9.误:
What’rethat?
10.误:
Breadandbutterarebetterforyouthancake.
11.误:
FathersandSonsareamasterpiece(名著).
12.误:
Mr.Li,aswellashischildren,aregoingtherebybus.
误:
I,notyou,areinchargeoftheshop.
13.误:
Manyaboyshaveswumintheriver.
误:
Morethanoneastronauthavetraveledtothemoon.
14.误:
Thenumberofpupilsofourschoolareincreasingrapidly.
15.误:
Somefolkisneversatisfied.
16.误:
Myfamilyisearlyrisers.
17.误:
Anotherpairofglassesareneeded.
18.误:
Oneortwobooksisenough.
19.①误:
Theblindistakengoodcareofhere.
②误:
Thebeautifulliveforever.
20.①误:
Everymeanshavebeentried.
②误:
Hisworkshasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.
21.误:
Alotofpaperispublishedinthatcity.
22.①误:
NewscomethatstudentsmustbetaughtinGerman.
②误:
OnequarterofthepopulationoftheStatesisblack.
③误:
Fourmilliontonsofcoalwassuppliedlastyear.
23.误:
Mathsareimportant.
24.误:
ThosesheepisJohn’s.
25.误:
Sevendaysthereseemlikealongtime.
26.误:
Aboutonethirdofthestoriesisworthreading.
27.误:
Oneandahalfbananaisleftontheground.
28.误:
Heistheoneofthestudentswhostudyhardinhisclass.
29.误:
It’sIwhoisadriver.
30.误:
Eastofthelakeliestwovillages.
主谓一致巩固练习
(一)
基础过关题(自测):
1.I,who____yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwithyourEnglish.
A.amB.isC.areD.be
2.Therich____notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.hasD.have
3.NeitherTomnorJackandI____hisstudents.A.areB.amC.isD.was
4.Maryaswellashersisters____ChineseinChina.
A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study
5.NeithermyfathernorI____athome.A.amB.isC.areD.be
6.NotonlymybrotherbutalsoI____goodatpainting.Bothofus____goodpainters.,
A.are;areB.am;amC.ani;areD.is;is
7.Every'boyandeverygirl____toattendtheeveningparty.
A.wishB.wishesC.islikeD.like
8.Over80percentofthepopulationofChina____peasants.
A.wasB.isC.wouldbeD.are
9.ThepopulationofChina____largerthanthatof.anyothercountryintheworld.
A.isB.areC.hasD.have
10.Everymeans____triedbutwithoutanyresult.
A.havebeenB.istobeC.aretobeD.hasbeen
11.Alice,togetherwithtwoboys,____forhavingbrokentherule.
A.waspunishedB.punishedC.werepunishedD.beingpunished
12.TheLeaguesecretaryandthemonitor____askedtoattendthe.meetingthisafternoon.
A.isB.wasC.areD.isbeing
13.Thegreatwriterandprofessor____.
A.isanoldmanB.arebotholdmenC.isanoldmanandayoungmanD.weretwoChinese
14.There____apen,twopencilsandthreebooksonthedesk.
A.areB.isC.hasD.have
15.Alargenumberofstudentsinourclass____girls.A.areB.wasC.isD.be
16.Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses____muchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.
A.doesn'tchangeB.don'tchangeC.changeD.changed
17.TheArabianNights____wellknowntotheEnglish.A.isB.areC.wasD.were
18.ChairmanMao'sworks____published.A