提高认知能力的印度传统草药土丁桂.docx

提高认知能力的印度传统草药土丁桂.docx

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提高认知能力的印度传统草药土丁桂

提高认知能力的印度传统草药土丁桂

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作者：

NeerajKumarSETHIYA1,AlokNAHATA2,SriHariMISHRA1,VinodKumarDIXIT2

【摘要】土丁桂属草药是作用于中枢神经系统的印度传统药物，特别是对促进记忆和改善智力有较好疗效。

从印度传统医学和梵语文献中提取的大量信息提示，冠以土丁桂属草药名称的植物类别共4种：

旋花科田旋花、旋花科土丁桂、蝶形花科蝴蝶花豆和龙胆科穿心草。

这些草药名称均在古代文献中有所记载，可单独使用或与其他药材组合成各种草药处方。

本文就现有的科学信息，如土丁桂属不同植物来源物种的生药学特征、化学成分、药理作用、临床前及临床应用等方面进行述评，以期为科学地应用土丁桂提供依据。

此外，还可根据不同植物来源土丁桂属草药的不同功效进行鉴别应用。

【关键词】旋花科田旋花;旋花科土丁桂;蝶形花科蝴蝶花豆;龙胆科穿心草;医学,印度传统;认知障碍

AyurvedaistheoldestmedicalscienceintheIndiansubcontinentandhasbeenpracticedsincethe12thcenturyBC.Itsobjectiveistoaccomplishphysical,mental,socialandspiritualwellbeingbyadoptingpreventive,healthpromotingandholisticapproachtowardslife［1］.Drugsactingonthecentralnervoussystem（CNS）areamongthefirsttobediscoveredbytheprimitivehumanandarestillthemostwidelyusedgroupofpharmacologicalagents.TheCNSactingdrugsareinvaluabletherapeutically,becausetheycanproducespecificphysiologicalandpsychologicaleffects.Fromthevastarrayofmateriamedicaoftheindigenoussystem,manyplantshavebeenreportedtohaveactivityagainstCNSdisordersandthusactasveryusefulremediesforthealleviationofhumansuffering［2］.Variousattemptshavebeenmadetocountertheaversiveeffectsofstress,rangingfromyogaandmeditationtoantistressdrugs.However,despiteclaimstothecontrary,thesenonpharmacologicalandpharmacologicalmethodsappeartohavelimitedutility［3］.Ananswertothisperplexingproblemofcounteringstressinducedperturbationsofphysiologicalhomeostasiscamefromtheplantkingdom［4］.Withtheadventofnewertechniquesforchemicalcharacterizationandpharmacologicalinvestigations,plantbaseddrugsarereceivingmuchattention.TheimportanceofplantsactingonCNShasbeenreviewed,andtheroleofadaptogensfromplantoriginhasbeenemphasized［5］.

　　Memory（cognition）isarecollectionofthatwhichhasbeenexperiencedonceorlearnt.Memorymaybedefinedasmentalinformationsystemconsistingofencoding,storageandretrieval［6］.Memoryistheabilityofanindividualtorecordsensorystimuli,events,information,etc.,retainthemovershortorlongperiodsoftimeandrecallthesameatalaterdatewhenneeded.AgingandAlzheimer’sdisease（AD）leadingtomemorylosshasemergedasamajorconcernofmodernscientists.Amnesiameanslossofmemory.Therearemanydifferenttypesofamnesiasaccordingtotheircause.Functionalamnesiareferstomemorydisordersthatseemtoresultfrompsychologicaltrauma,notaninjury.Organicamnesiainvolvesmemorylosscausedbyspecificmalfunctionsinthebrain.Anothervariantisinfantileamnesia,whichreferstothefactthatmostpeoplelackspecificmemoriesofthefirstfewyearsoftheirlife.ADisachronicandprogressiveneurodegenerativediseasewhichischaracterizedsymptomaticallybyprogressivedeteriorationoftheactivitiesofdailyliving,behavioraldisturbancesandcognitiveloss［7］.Involvementofbraincholinergicactivityhasbeenrecognizedinmemoryloss.Amongthepossiblestrategiesforenhancingbraincholinergicactivity,acetylcholinesteraseinhibitors（AChEIs）havebeenusedmostextensivelyforthesymptomatictreatmentofAD.PhysostigmineandtacrinearetheonlyAChEIsreasonablyevaluatedinADpatients,eventhoughtheiruseislimitedbytheshorthalflifeandperipheralcholinergicsideeffectsofphysostigmine,andthedosedependenthepatotoxicityoftacrine［8,9］.Variousmechanismshavebeenpostulatedfromtimetotimeformemory.Fortunately,basicresearchduringthepast25yearshasbeguntodefineachemistryofbrainplasticity,whichissuggestingnewgenetargetsforthediscoveryofmemoryenhancers［10］.

　　InAyurvedicliterature,medicinalplantsfrommorethanonebotanicalsourcehavebeenemployedforasingleentityraisingcontroversyastocorrectidentityofadrug.Theavailabilityoftheplantinusageofparticularregionhasforcedthepractitionerstosubstitutewithnearlysimilarpharmacologicalortherapeuticaction.Manyofthetraditionalsystemshaverecordswhereonecommonvernacularnameisappliedtoplantswithtwoormoreentirelydifferentplantspecies［11］.OurstudiesonAyurvedicplantsrevealthatalthoughthebotanicalsourceofanAyurvedicmedicinemaydiffer,thebasicpharmacologicalcategoryisnotinconsistent.ItmaybethatduringtheprocessofdevelopmentofAyurveda,theVaidyapracticingitindifferentregionsofthesubcontinentmayhavefoundsubstituteswhichreplacedtheoriginalplantdrug.

　　1Shankhpushpi

　　ShankhpushpiisconsideredasMedhyaRasayanainAyurvedictexts.ShankhpushpiofAyurvedicPharmacopoeiaofIndiaconsistsofwholeplantofConvolvuluspluricaulisChoisy（CP,Convulvulaceae）（Syn:

ConvulvulusmicrophyllusSieb.exSpreng）［12］.PlantsotherthanConvolvuluspluricaulisareusedassourcesofdrugindifferentpartsofthecountry,andEvolvulusalsinoidesLinn.（EA,Convulvulaceae）isalsousedasShankhpushpibysomepractitioners.Otherplantse.g.ClitoreaternateaLinn.（CT,Papilionaceae）andCanscoradecussataSchult.（CD,Gentianaceae）arealsousedasShankhpushpibysomepractitioners［1318］.Whateveristhesource,thedrugfindstheuseforitstherapeuticeffectsonCNSdisorderslikeinsanity,epilepsy,nervousdebilityandmemoryenhancement［19,20］.ManyformulascontainingShankhpushpiasasingledrugorincombinationwithotherdrugsareavailableinIndianmarketandShankhpushpiisvigorouslyadvertisedformemoryenhancementinprintandelectronicmediainIndia.

　　1.1TraditionalmedicinalusesShankhpushpiisareputeddrugofAyurvedaandreportedasabraintonic,nervinetonic,alternativeandlaxative［21,22］.Ithasalsobeenfoundeffectiveinanxietyandneurosis,duetoitsclinicalantianxietyeffectsandimprovedmentalfunctionhighlyesteemedbyancientIndianphysiciansasawonderfulnervinetonicmemoryinvigoratorandusedincerebralabnormalities,epilepsy,insomnia,burningsensation,oedema,urinarydisorders,snakebitesanddiseasecausedbyevilspirits.Itisbesttonicforbrainandnervesandisalsorecommendedforsexualseminaldebilities［23］.ShankhpushpiisfoundtobeoneoftheingredientsinmajorityoftheformulasavailableinmarketlikeDimagheen（DawakhanaTibiyaCollege）,Shankhpushpisyrup（Unjha）,ShankhavaliChurna（NarnaryanPharmacy）,BR16A（HimalayaDrug.Co.Ltd.）etc,whichwereprescribedasbraintonicsinAyurvedicsystemofmedicine.

　　AccordingtoAyurveda,Medhyacanpromoteintellectualcapacity;Swarakarinicanimprovevoice;Grahabhootadidoshaghniisusefulindiseasesofsupernaturalorigin;Rasayanicanrejuvenatethebody;Kantidacanenhancetheauraofbodyandgiveitahealthylook;Majjadhaturasayanacanrejuvenatethenervoustissue;Unmadaghnacanalleviateinsanityandemotionalinstability;Vrishyaisanaphrodisiac;Pachanbalacanincreasethestrengthofthedigestivesystem;Chedanaisalaxative;Nidrajnanacanpromotesleep.Besidesthis,Shankhapushpicanimprovedigestion,preventwaterretention,borborygmusandconstipation.Itisspecificallybeneficialwheredigestionisupsetbecauseofnervousnessandanxiety（Unpublished）.TheclassificationofShankhpushpi［24］wasshowninTable1.

　　Table1TaxonomicclassificationofShankhpushpi（略）

　　1.2GeographicaldistributionOfthefourspeciesmostcommonlyassociatedwiththeSanskritnamesShankhapushpiandvishnukranti,CDisnativetosouthernIndia,SriLanka,tropicalAfrica,andSoutheasternAsia［16,25］,CPisknownfromthemarginsandwithintheSaharaandSinddeserts,adistributionthatSadcalled“SaharoSindian”.InIndiaitiswidelydistributedinandgrowsonthewastelandintheplainsofPunjab,BiharandChhotanagpur［26,27］.CTiscultivatedthroughoutIndia,butisnaturalizedinthemoretropicalregions［28］.EAisnaturalizedwidelyinIndiaandelsewhere［2934］.

　　1.3PharmacognosticalprofileThepharmacognosticalprofileofShankhpushpi［12,14,15,19,20,3542］isshowninTable2.

　　1.4PhytochemicalprofileThephytochemicalprofileofShankhpushpiisshowninTable3andTable4.

　　1.5StructuresofchiefsecondarymetabolitesThechemicalstructuresofchiefsecondarymetabolitesareshowninFigure1［77］,Figure2［5961,70］,Figure3［120］andFigure4to6.

　　1.6PharmacologicalactivitiesThepharmacologicalactivitiesofShankhpushpiareshowninTable5.

　　2PreclinicalandclinicalapplicationsofShankhpushpi

　　2.1Evolvulusalsinoides

　　2.1.1ToxicologyAyurvedicmedicineregardsEAhighlyforitseffectonCNS.Moderatedoses（200mg/kg）ofthealcoholicextractofEAcauseddrowsiness,stuporandlessmobilityinalbinomice;higherdoseswereneithertoxicnorlethal.LaboratorystudiesrevealedtheherbasanticatatonicandaCNSdepressantwithamedianlethaldose（LD50）of450mg/kg［56,121］.

　　2.1.2LearningbehaviorandmemoryenhancementactivityinrodentsTheethanolicextracthasbeenshowntoimprovelearningandmemoryanditsignificantlyreversedtheamnesiainducedbyscopolamine.EAalsoexhibitedpotentmemoryenhancingeffectsinthestepdownandshuttleboxavoidanceparadigms.NootropicactivitywasassessedwithpassiveandactiveavoidanceparadigmsusingCookandWeidley’spoleclimbingapparatusandelevatedplusmazeasmodels［131］.

　　Table2DifferentpharmacognosticalfeaturesofcontroversialsourcesofShankhpushpi（略）

　　Table3DifferentphytochemicalfeaturesofcontroversialsourcesofShankhpushpi（Part1）（略）

　　Table4（Tobecontinued）DifferentphytochemicalfeaturesofcontroversialsourcesofShankhpushpi（Part2）（略）

　　Table4（Continuation）Differentphytochemicalfeatureso