最新区域经济发展战略.docx

最新区域经济发展战略.docx

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最新区域经济发展战略

区域经济发展战略

《区域经济发展战略》

课程作业

专业区域经济学

班级经管院研1022

学号1002021085

姓名尚天祥

2010年秋季学期

Evolutionaryeconomicgeographyanditsimplicationsforregionalinnovationpolicy

RonBoschma

Abstract

Relatedvarietyisimportanttoregionalgrowthbecauseitinducesknowledgetransferbetweencomplementarysectorsattheregionallevel.Thisisaccomplishedthroughthreemechanisms:

spinoffdynamics,labormobilityandnetworkformation.Theytransferknowledgeacrossrelatedsectors,whichcontributestoindustrialrenewalandeconomicbranchinginregions.Sincethesemechanismsofknowledgetransferarebasicallytakingplaceattheregionallevel,andbecausetheymakeregionsmoveintonewgrowthpathswhilebuildingontheirexistingassets,regionalinnovationpolicyshouldencouragespinoffactivity,labormobilityandnetworkformation.Doingso,policybuildsonregion-specificassetsthatprovidesopportunitiesbutalsosetslimitstowhatcanbeachievedbypolicy.Publicinterventionshouldneitherapply‘one-size-fits-all’approachesnoradopt‘picking-the-winner’strategies,butshouldaimtoconnectcomplementarysectorsandexploitrelatedvarietyasasourceofregionaldiversification.Keywords:

relatedvariety,evolutionaryeconomicgeography,regionalinnovationsystems,regionalgrowth.

1.Introduction

Whydosomeregionsgrowmorethanothers?

Tillthelate1980s,neo-classicaltheoryarguedthattechnologyisakeydeterminantofregionalgrowth.However,technologywastreatedasanexogenousfactorand,therefore,thegeographyofinnovationwasleftunexplained（AlcouffeandKuhn,2004）.InspiredbySchumpeter’swork,economicgeographersplayedaprominentroleincriticizingthisneo-classicalframework.Fromtheearly1980sonwards,theyfocusattentionontheexplanationofthegeographyofinnovation.Someregionsaremoreinnovativethanothers,andregion-specificcharacteristicslikeinstitutionsmaybeunderlyingforces.Thisevenledtotheclaimthatregionsaredriversofinnovationandeconomicgrowth.Conceptslikeindustrialdistricts（Becattini,1987）,clusters（Porter,1990）,innovativemilieux（Camagni,1991）,technologydistricts（Storper,1992）,regionalinnovationsystems（Cooke,2001）andlearningregions（Asheim,1996）havebeenlaunchedinthelastdecadestoincorporatethisview.Manyoftheseregionalconceptshavedrawninspirationfromevolutionaryeconomics（NelsonandWinter,1982;Dosietal.,1988）.Thischapteraimstooutlinethedriversofregionalgrowth,asproposedbyevolutionaryeconomicgeographers（BoschmaandLambooy,1999;BoschmaandMartin,2007）.Weclaimthatregionalgrowthisbasedprimarilyonexploitingintangibleassetssuchastacitknowledgeandinstitutions,ratherthanstaticcostadvantages.Moreinparticular,wewillarguethatrelatedvarietymaybeakeysourceofeconomicdiversificationofregions.Theobjectiveofthischapteristosetouthowtheseinsightstakenfromevolutionaryeconomicgeographymaybeincorporatedinregionalinnovationpolicy.Thisisanythingbuteasy.WegnerandPelikan（2003）statethatevolutionaryeconomicsconsistsoftwodistinctivestrandsofthought,thatis,theneo-Schumpeterian（NelsonandWinter）andtheAustrianapproach（Hayek）,whichholdquitedivergingviewsonpolicy.Whiletheformeradvocatesactivegovernmentintervention,thelatterdoesnot.Anotherproblemisthattheempiricalliteratureonregionalpolicytendstoberatherfragmentedandinconclusive（seee.g.Brons,etal.,2000;NijkampandStough,2000）.Anobviousreasonisthatwedonotknowwhatwouldhavehappenedifpolicyhadnotbeeninstalled.Notwithstandingthesedifficulties,wecomeupwithsomepolicyrecommendationsthatincorporaterecentthinkinginevolutionaryeconomicgeography.

2.Variety,relatedvarietyandregionaldevelopment

Ourstartingpointisafundamentaldeparturefromhowconventionalneo-classicaleconomicstreatsknowledge.Knowledgeisnotapublicgoodthatischaracterizedbydiminishingreturnstoscale.Onthecontrary,knowledgeevolves:

itisnotreducedwhenitisused,butitaccumulatesthroughprocessesoflearning-by-doing（Arrow,1962）.Thiscumulativeandirreversiblenatureofknowledgedevelopmentisembodiedinindividuals（skills）andinfirms（routines）:

theydevelopdifferentcognitivecapacitiesovertime（NelsonandWinter,1982;Dosietal.,1988）.Knowledgealsotendstoaccumulateinspace,leadingtointer-regionalvarietyofknowledge.Therearemanyexamplesofregionsandcountriesthatspecializeinaparticularknowledgefield,andwhichcontinuetodosoforalongtime.Manyindustriestendtoconcentrateinspace,likethefilmindustryinHollywood,thefinancialsectorinthecityofLondon,andtheAmericancarindustryinDetroit.TherearealsohugedifferencesbetweencountriesandregionsasfarasinvestmentsinR&Dandhumancapitalareconcerned,leadingtopersistentincomedifferentialsbetweencountriesovertime（GrossmanandHelpman,1991）.ResearchandDevelopmentisextremelyspatiallyconcentrated,favoringonlyasmallnumberofregions,andempiricalstudiesshowthispatternisquitestableovertime（FeldmanandAudretsch,1999）.Manystudieshavefoundstrongrelationshipsbetweenregionalstocksofknowledge（asembodiedinuniversityresearchandprivateR&D）andeconomicperformance（e.g.Anselin,VargaandAcs,2000）.

6.Conclusions

Wehavebuiltoninsightsdrawnfromevolutionaryeconomicgeographytopresentsomerecommendationsforeffectiveregionalinnovationpolicy.Sinceknowledgetendstoaccumulatemainlyatthefirmlevel,varietyistherule,andthemorediversifiedaregionaleconomyis,thehigherregionalgrowth.However,knowledgemayalsodiffusebetweenfirms,havinganadditionalimpactonregionaldevelopment.Ifknowledgeexternalitiesaregeographicallybounded,knowledgewillalsoaccumulateattheregionallevel.Inaddition,knowledgewillspillovermoreintensivelywhenregionsareendowedwithrelatedindustriesthatshareacommonknowledgebase.Relatedvarietyfavorseconomicbranchinginregionsthroughspinoffdynamics,labormobilityandnetworks.Becausethesemechanismstransfer

knowledgeacrossrelatedsectorsmainlyattheregionallevel,theycontributetoasuccessfulprocessofregionaldiversification,whichiscrucialforlong-termregionaldevelopment.

However,knowledgecreationandknowledgespilloversalonewillnotleadtoinnovation.Regionsrequireacriticalmassoforganizationsthatprovidenecessaryinputstotheinnovationprocess,suchasknowledge,skillsandcapital.Besidesacriticalmass,theseorganizationsneedtoconnectandinteract,toenableflowsofknowledge,capitalandlabor.Inaddition,organizationsandinstitutionsneedtobeflexibleandresponsivetoimplementchange.Inreality,almostbynature,organizationsandinstitutionsarenot,becausetheysufferfromlock-in,duetoroutines,sunkcostsandpathdependency.

Wehaveusedtheseinsightsaskeyinputsandunderpinningsforeffectiveregional

innovationpolicy.Followingsystemfailurearguments,publicpolicyhasthetasktoestablishkeyorganizationsofinnovationsystemsinregionswherethesearefoundmissing,orpublicpolicyhastoensurethatthesemissinginputstotheinnovationprocesswillflowintotheregion.Onceavailable,publicinterventionshouldencouragekeyorganizationstoconnect,forexample,firmsneedtobelinkedwithresearchinstitutesandcapitalsuppliers.Inaddition,publicpolicycanmakeorganizationsmoreflexibleandinnovative,forinstance,byupgradingtheirroutinesthroughthesupplyofnewknowledgeandskills.Finally,regionalinnovationpolicycanstimulatetheeffectivetransferofknowledgeattheregionallevelbymeansofspinoffactivity,labormobilityandnetworks.Sincethesemechanismsofknowledgetransferarebasicallytakingplaceattheregionallevel,andbecausetheymakeregionsmoveintonewgrowthpathswhilebuildingonexistingassets,thesepolicyactionsputinpracticetheideathatrelatedvarietymaycontributetolong-termregionaldevelopment.

Toincreasetheprobabilityofpolicysuccess,regionalinnovationpolicyneedstoaccountfortheregion-specificcontextthatprovidesopportunitiesbutalsosetslimitstowhatcanbeachievedbypolicy.Doingso,publicinterventionshouldneitherapply‘one-size-fits-all’frameworksnoradopt‘picking-the-winner’policies.ThisisthemainmessagethattranscendsthisOECDreport（Cooke,2009;IammarinoandMcCann,2009）.Insteadofcopyingbestpracticemodelsorselectingwinners,policyshouldtakethehistoryofeachregionasastartingpoint,andidentifyregionalpotentialsandbottlenecksaccordingly.Toavoidregionallock-in,itiscrucialthatpolicyisopentonewcomersandpolicyexperiments.

演化经济地理学及其在区域创新政策中的应用

摘要：

相关品种对于区域增长是很重要的,因为它导致互补部门之间在区域水平方面的知识转化。

这是依靠三种机制完成的:

分离动力学、劳动力流动和网络的形成。

他们会将知识转化成有助于工业更新和经济在地区的分支的相关板块。

由于这些知识转移的机制基本上发生在地方,也因为他们使地区进入新的增长阶段。

因此，为了不断扩大他们现有的资产，区域创新政策应该鼓励分离活动,劳动力流动和网络的形成。

这么做,政策建立在特殊的地区资产上，既能提供机会,也能专门设置限制政策。

公共干预不能用千篇一律申请的方法，也不能用挑选成功案例的策略,而应该将目标放在连接互补部门和利用相关的转化作为区域多样化的一个来源。

关键词：

相关品种演化经济地理学区域创新系统经济增长

1.引言

为什么有些地区发展较快？

一直到19世纪80年代，eo-classical理论认为技术是地区发展的主要决定因素。

但是技术被看作是外源性因素并且区域的创新是难以解释的，受到Schumpeter的启发，经济地理学家们在批评新古典的框架上起到了突出的作用,从20世纪80年代早期开始,他们开始把注意力集中在地理创新理论的解释工作上。

一些地区的创新已经超过了其他地区,并且特殊地区类似机构具有潜在力量。

这甚至导致有人声称地区是创新和经济增长的导向。

相关文章比如工业园区（Becattini,1987年）、创新milieux（Camagni,1991）、技术地区（Storper,1992）、区域创新系统（库克,2001）和区域性研究（Asheim,1996）已经在过去的几十年将这一观点开始执行。

许多这些区域获取灵感观念来自于演化经济学（纳尔逊和维特,1982;Dosi,1988）。

这一章旨在概述地区协调发展方向,就像经济地理学家所倡导的（Boschma进化和Lambooy学杂志,2003;Boschma和Martin,2007）。

我们提出区域增长主要依据利用隐性知识等无形资产、制度等因素的影响,而不是静态的成本优势。

更具体而言,我们认为相关的变化可能是地区经济来源多样化的关键。

本章主要是从这些观点出发，阐述如何把演化经济地理学结