南京各景点英文导游词.docx

南京各景点英文导游词.docx

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南京各景点英文导游词

Dr.SunYatsen^sMausoleum

AmongthehistoricalandculturalattractionsinNanjing,thebestknownisDr.SunYatsen^sMausoleum.

Dr.SunYatsen'sMausoleumsitsonthesouthernslopeofthePurpleMountainintheeasternsuburbsofthecily.DesignedbyayoungarchitectLuYanzhi,themausoleumtookmorethan3yearstobuildandcost1.5millionsilverdollars.TheconstructionbeganonMarch12,1926andcompletedin1929whenDr.SunYatsenwasburiedthereonJuneI・

Dr.SunYatsen,alsonamedSunWenorSunZhongshan,isconsideredasthefatheroftheChinesedemocraticrevolution.BoniinapeasantfamilyinGuangdongProvincein1866,lieliadhisprimaryeducationinHonolulu,Hawaiisponsoredbyhiselderbrotherfrom1878to1883.Hewassosadwhenhesawthepovertyofthecountryuponhisreturn.Chinahadbeenasuperpowerforcenturies・ButsincethemiddleofQingDynastyinthe1800's,Chinabegantodecline,whichowedagreatdealtothecorruptionsandincompetenceoftheQinggovernment.Foreigninvasionsandpeasantrebellionsmadeitevenworse.TheOpiumWarin1840endedwiththe^TreatyofNanjing^.Chinawasforcedtopayanindemnityof21millionsilverdollarsandcedeHongKongtotheGreatBritainandopen5freeportcitiestothewesterners,whichwereGuangzhou,Xiamen,Fuzhou,NingboandShanghai.FollowingwerethewarsagainlaunchedbyFrancein1883andJapanin1894.TheChinesepeoplelivedinamiserablelife.Theywerereferredtothe"sickmanoftheOrient^bythewesterners・Dr.SunYatsendreamedtosavethenationbypracticingmedicineandthatledhimtoHongKongtolearnmedicinewhenliewas21yearsold.However,itdidnotwork.TherealitymadehimgiveuphismedicalcareerinhishometownandMacaobutturntopoliticsin1893・

Fromthenon,hekeptpetitioningtotheQinggovernmentforreformsbutwasneverresponded.Atgreatdisappointment,heleftthecountrylaterandwentcanvassingextensivelyintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,EuropeandJapan,tryingtowinthesympathyandsupportfromtheoverseasChinese.Withthefundsraised,heorganized"ReviveChinaLeague^・China'sfirstbourgeoisorganization.Thefollowing1905witnessedthefoundingofthe"ChineseRevolutionaryLeague”headedbyDr.SunYatsen.apartywithaclear-cutprogramof“ExpelTartars,RestoreChina,EstablishRepublic&EqualizeLand."Dr.SunYatsenalsoputforth3democraticprinciplesof^Nationalism,Democracy&People'sLivelihood"ashispoliticalgoal.ThearmedmovementsagainsttheQinggovernmenttookplacecontinuously.

Themostiniportanteventfollowingwasthe1911RevolutioninWuhanledbyDr.SunYatsen,whichdrovethelastemperoroftheQingDynastyoutoftheForbiddenCityinBeijing,markingtheendoftheolddynasticsysteminChina.Inthesameyear,therepresentativesof17provincesmetinNanjingandelectedDr.SunYatsenpresidentoftheprovisionalgovernmentoftheRepublicofChina.OnJanuaryI,1912itwasinNanjingwherethefirstrepublicinChinesehistorywasfoundedandDr.SunYatseninauguratedhispresidency.

Unfortunatelythenewrepublicwasthreatenedbypowerfulwarlordsinthenorth.Toavoidpoliticalcrisisandsavetherepublic,Dr.SunYatsencompromisedconditionallywiththemajornorthernwarlordnamedYuanShikaiwhohadbeenpursuingthenationalpowerforalongtime.HeresignedattheendofMarch1912,butneverstoppedpursuinghisgoal.

Soonafterthat,Chinawentintochaoticcivilwarsagain.Thesituationledtoaseriesofmovementslike"theSecondRevolution,”"SavetheRepublic/"RestoretheLegislation^andJheNorthernExpeditions^inthefollowingyears.Dr.SunYatsenspentmostofhistimedealingwithwarlords.Notuntil1921,Dr.SunYatsenresumedhispresidencyinGuangzhou.AttheFirstNationalCongressoftheChineseKuomintangin1924,lieadoptedthepolicyof"AlliancewithRussiaandCommunists,AssistancetoPeasantsandWorkers**andofficiallyacknowledgedthecooperationbetweentheNationalistPartyandCommunistPartyinrunningthegovernment.

InNovemberof1924,Dr.SunYatsen,despitehispoorhealth,madeanexpeditiontothenorthwithhisambitiontoeliminateuarlords,expelimperialistsandabrogateunequaltreaties・HewaswarmlygreetedbythousandsofpeopleuponhisarrivalinBeijing.Hemetwithmanypoliticiansandwarlords,tryingtopersuadethemtogetunitedtobuildanewChina.Buttheresultdidnotlookoptimistic・Hebecameverysickduetohardworkandhadtobehospitalized・Thediagnosisturnedouthewassufferinganadvanced-stagelivercancer・Whenherealizeditwouldnotbeverylongforhimtostayinthisworld,hedictatedhisassistant3lastwills,onetohisparty,onetotheRussiangovernmentandtheothertohiswifeMadamSongQingling.OnMarch12,1925Dr.SunYatsenpassedawayinBeijingUnionHospital.

Dr.SunYatsenisagreatmanbecausehedevoted40yearsofhislifetopursuinghisdrcamtooverthrowthefeudalmonarchyandbuildanuntieddemocraticChina.

WhywasDr.SunYatsenburiedinNanjinginsteadofinhishometownorBeijingwherehedied?

ThemausoleumsitewasfirstrecommendedtoDr.SunYatsenbytheabbotofLingguTempleforitsgoodgeomanlicomcn.OnedayinApril,1912whenhewenthuntingtothesitewithhisfriends,Dr.SunYatsenwasreallysoamazedbythebeautifulenvironmentthathewishedthepeoplewouldallowhimtobeburiedthereafterhisdeath.Heexpressedthisdesireagaininhissickbedin1925.

Dr.SunYatsenMausoleumisdesignedintheshapeofalibertybell,intendingtoremindpeoplenevertogetself-contented・Thewholearchitecture,fromthegateway,tothemainentrance,tabletpavilion,memorialhallandthetombvault,liesonthenorth-southaxiswith392stepsand10platformsinbetween.Thebuildingsareallconstructedwithnaturalgraniteandmarblesandcoveredbyblueglazed-tileroofs・

Oppositetothebronzeincenseburneroffthesquare,standsthe12metrehighgatewayofthreearcheswithDr.SunYatsen5shandwriting“Fraternity"carvedonitsfront（op.The480-nicterlongtombavenue,linedwithpine,gingkoandmapletrees,leadstothemainentrance・Dr.SunYatsen^motto"TheWorldBelongstothePeople^canbeseenrightabovethedoorinthemiddle.Walkingthroughit,thefirstbuildingyouwillseeisthetabletpavilionwhichhousesahugetombstone・Thetombstoneisengravedwith"PremierDr.SunisburiedherebytheChineseNationalistPartyonJune1,1929：

Fromthere,apanoramicviewofthememorialhallcanbeobtained・However,therearestill290stepstogobeforeyoureachthememorialhallonthetop.Thememorialhallstands73.33metersabovetheground・InthecenterofthememorialhallsitstheItalianwhitemarblestatueofDr.SunYatsenmountedonapedestalcarvedinbas-reliefbyaPolishsculptor.ThesurroundingwallsareinscribedwiththenationalconstitutionwrittenbyDr.SunYatsen・Beyondthememorialhallisthetombvault・Standingbythepoolinside,ifyoulookdown,youbowtoseeDr.SunYatsen*srecliningmarblestatuewithhisbodyburied5metersunderneath.Ifyoulookup,youfindtheemblemoftheNationalistParlyontheceiling・

Whenyouwrapupyourhomagetourandstepdown,youwillnotonlyenjoyabird's-eyeviewofbeautifulNanjing,butalsofeeltotallyrelievedbecauseyoudonotseeanymorethose392stepsyouhaveconquered・Notuntilthen,youwillnotunderstandhowgreatDr.SunYatsenis.

MingTomb

The600-year-oldMingTomb,lyingatthesoulhenifootofthePurpleMountain,isthetombforZhuYuanzliang,thefirstemperoroftheMingDynastyfrom1368to139&

BornintoapoorpeasantfamilyinFengyangCounty,AnhuiProvincein132&ZhuYuanzhanglosthisparentsinhischildhoodandbecameamonkalHuan^jueTemple・In1352,hejoinedtheRedTurbanArmyledbyGuoZixin.HemarriedGuoZixin'sadopteddaughterandbecamethecommandinggenerallater.ZhuYuanzhangtookoverNanjingin1356andmadeit什iccapitalin1368whenheconqueredtherestpartsofChinaandestablishedtheMingDynasty.

ZhuYuanzhangbegantohavehistombbuiltin1381whenhiswifedied.Theempresswasburiedinthetombin1383・ButEmperorZhuYuanzhangdiedin1398andwasburiedhereinthesameyear.

Nowwearereachingthetombgate,knownasGrandGoldenGate.MingTombisdividedintotwoparts.ThefirstpartisfromHorseDismountingArchGatetoLinxinGate,I8（K）meterslong,servingasthetombavenue・Thesecondpartisthetombitself.Therewasoriginallyagrandredwall,22.5kilometerslong,enclosingthewholetombarea・Thetombcomplexwasverylargewithmanysplendidbuildings・100000pineswereplantedand1000deerraisedinside.Unfortunately,thislargegroupofbuildingswasruinedduringthewartime,oncebetweentheMingandQingDynastiesandtheothertimewhenTaipingPeasantAnnywassuppressedbytheQingDynastyanny.Allthewoodenstructuresweredestroyed・Howeverwecanstillseetheexquisitestonecarvingsfromthestonebasesandimaginehowitlookedlike600yearsago.

AttheHorseDismountingArchGate,theinscriptioncanbeseen"Alltheofficialsmustdismountfromtheirhorsebackshere*1.ThisshowstheabsolutedignityofEmperorZhuYuanzhangatthattime・

Hereweareatthesquarecity,alsocalledthestonetablethouse・ItstopisgonebuttliesurroundingwallsandfourarchwaysarestillremainingJustlikeacastle・TheGreatMingDynastyWonderfulAchievementsandMeritsTablet,8.78metershigh,builtin1413bythethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty,isthehighestancienttabletinNanjing.Therearealtogether2746Chinesecharactersonthetablet,whichpraiseEmperorZhuYuanzliangforhisdeedsandmerits