Model Test 5.docx
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ModelTest5
ModelTestFive
PartⅠWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledAreWeTooDependentonTechnology.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:
1.科技的发展给我们的生活带来了极大的方便
2.有人认为我们现在太依赖于科技
3.你的观点
注意:
在实考中,此部分试题在答题卡1上。
AreWeTooDependentonTechnology
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1~7,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions8~10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
TheHydrogenEconomyIfthepredictionsaretrue,overthenextseveraldecadeswewillallbegintoseeanamazingshiftawayfromthefossilfueleconomywehavetodaytowardamuchcleanerhydrogenfuture.Cansocietyactuallymakethisshift,orwillthetechnological,economicandpoliticalbarrierskeepusboundtopetroleumandotherfossilfuelsforthenextcenturyandbeyond.Inthisarticle,youwillexplainthebenefitsofahydrogeneconomy,alongwithitspotentialproblems.
ProblemswiththefossilfueleconomyThewholeeconomy,andinfactthewholeofwesternsociety,currentlydependsonfossilfuels.However,therearefourbigproblemsthatfossilfuelscreate:
Airpollution—Whencarsburngasoline,theywouldideallyburnitperfectlyandcreatenothingbutcarbondioxideandwaterintheirexhaust.Itisbadenoughnowthat,inthesummer,manycitieshavedangerouslevelsofozoneintheair.Environmentalpollution—Theprocessoftransportingandstoringoilhasabigimpactontheenvironmentwheneversomethinggoeswrong.Anoilspill,pipelineexplosionorwellfirecancreateahugemess.TheExxonValdezspillisthebestknownexampleoftheproblem,butminorspillshappenconstantly.Globalwarming—Whenyouburnagallonofgasinyourcar,youemitabout5pounds(2.3kg)ofcarbonintotheatmosphere.Thecarbondioxidecomingoutofeverycar’stailpipeisagreenhousegasthatisslowlyraisingthetemperatureoftheplanet.Theultimateeffectsareunknown,butitisastrongpossibilitythat,eventually,therewillbedramaticclimatechangesthataffecteveryoneontheplanet.Forexample,iftheicecapsmelt,sealevelwillrisesignificantly,floodinganddestroyingallcoastalcitiesinexistencetoday.Dependence—TheUnitedStates,andmostothercountries,cannotproduceenoughoiltomeetdemand,sotheyimportitfromoilrichcountries.Thatcreatesaneconomicdependence.WhenMiddleEastoilproducersdecidetoraisethepriceofoil,therestoftheworldhaslittlechoicebuttopaythehigherprice.
AdvantagesofthehydrogeneconomyThehydrogeneconomypromisestoeliminatealloftheproblemsthatthefossilfueleconomycreates.Therefore,theadvantagesofthehydrogeneconomyinclude:
1.Theeliminationofpollutioncausedbyfossilfuels—Whenhydrogenisusedinafuelcelltocreatepower,itisacompletelycleantechnology.Theonlybyproductiswater.Therearealsonoenvironmentaldangerslikeoilspillstoworryaboutwithhydrogen.2.Theeliminationofgreenhousegases—Ifthehydrogencomesfromtheelectrolysisofwater,thenhydrogenaddsnogreenhousegasestotheenvironment.Thereisaperfectcycle—electrolysisproduceshydrogenfromwater,andthehydrogenrecombineswithoxygentocreatewaterandpowerinafuelcell.3.Theeliminationofeconomicdependence—TheeliminationofoilmeansnodependenceontheMiddleEastanditsoilreserves.4.Distributedproduction—Hydrogencanbeproducedanywherethatyouhaveelectricityandwater.Peoplecanevenproduceitintheirhomeswithrelativelysimpletechnology.
WheredoesthehydrogencomefromInthehydrogeneconomy,thereisnostorehousetotapinto.Wehavetoactuallycreatetheenergyinrealtime.Therearetwopossiblesourcesforthehydrogen:
Electrolysisofwater—Usingelectricity,itiseasytosplitwatermoleculestocreatepurehydrogenandoxygen.Onebigadvantageofthisprocessisthatyoucandoitanywhere.Forexample,youcouldhaveaboxinyourgarageproducinghydrogenfromtapwater,andyoucouldfuelyourcarwiththathydrogen.Reformingfossilfuels—Oilandnaturalgascontainhydrocarbons—moleculesconsistingofhydrogenandcarbon.Usingadevicecalledafuelprocessororareformer,youcansplitthehydrogenoffthecarboninahydrocarbonrelativelyeasilyandthenusethehydrogen.Youdiscardtheleftovercarbontotheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Thesecondoptionis,ofcourse,doesn’tsolveeitherthegreenhousegasproblem(becausethereisstillcarbongoingintotheatmosphere)orthedependenceproblem(youstillneedoil).However,itmaybeagoodtemporarysteptotakeduringthetransitiontothehydrogeneconomy.Theinterestingthingaboutthefirstoptionisthatitisthecoreoftherealhydrogeneconomy.Tohaveapurehydrogeneconomy,thehydrogenmustbederivedfromrenewablesourcesratherthanfossilfuelssothatwestopreleasingcarbonintotheatmosphere.Havingenoughelectricitytoseparatehydrogenfromwater,andgeneratingthatelectricitywithoutusingfossilfuels,willbethebiggestchangethatweseeincreatingthehydrogeneconomy.
StorageandtransportationofthehydrogenAtthismoment,theproblemwithputtingpurehydrogenvehiclesontheroadisthestorage/transportationproblem.Hydrogenisabulkygas,anditisnotnearlyaseasytoworkwithasgasoline.Compressingthegasrequiresenergy,andcompressedhydrogencontainsfarlessenergythanthesamevolumeofgasoline.However,solutionstothehydrogenstorageproblemaresurfacing.Oncethestorageproblemissolvedandstandardized,thenanetworkofhydrogenstationsandthetransportationinfrastructurewillhavetodeveloparoundit.Themainbarriertothismightbethetechnologicalsortingoutprocess.Stationswillnotdevelopquicklyuntilthereisastoragetechnologythatclearlydominatesthemarketplace.Theremightalsobeatechnologicalbreakthroughthatcouldrapidlychangetheplayingfield.Forexample,ifsomeonecoulddevelopaninexpensiverechargeablebatterywithhighcapacityandaquickrechargetime,electriccarswouldnotneedfuelcellsandtherewouldbenoneedforhydrogenontheroad.Carswouldrechargeusingelectricitydirectly.
Prospectsforthefuturemovingtoapurehydrogeneconomywillbeharder.Thepowergeneratingplantswillhavetoswitchovertorenewablesourcesofenergy,andthemarketplacewillhavetoagreeonwaystostoreandtransporthydrogen.Thesehurdleswilllikelycausethetransitiontothehydrogeneconomytobearatherlongprocess.
1.Theauthortendstobelievethattheburningofgasolinecontributestothedangerouslevelsofozoneintheair.
2.TheExxonValdezoilspillhappenedoffthecoastofAlaskaisanenvironmentaldisaster.
3.Theultimateeffectsofglobalwarminghavebeenclearlyandconvincinglyprojectedbyscientists.
4.Accordingtotheauthor,theproductionofhydrogeninvolvesrelativelysimpletechnology.
5.Hydrogenisconsideredasacleansourceofenergy,becausetheproductionofhydrogenproducesinsignificantamountsofcarbondioxide.
6.Electrolysisofwatermeanstosplitwatermoleculestocreatepurehydrogenandoxygenusingelectricity.
7.Afuelprocessororareformercanextracthydrogenfromoilandnaturalgascontaininghydrocarbons,producingwaterastheonlybyproduct.
8.Toachieveapurehydrogeneconomy,thehydrogenmustbeobtainedfrom______ratherthanfossilfuels.
9.Assuggestedinthepassage,theproblemof________mustbesolvedbeforehydrogencanbewidelyused,usheringinthehydrogeneconomy.
10.Accordingtothepassage,hydrogeneconomymaynothappenifaninexpensiverechargeablebatteryisdevelopedwith_________and__________.
PartⅢListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionADirections:
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
11.A)He’drathernotgotothelecture.B)Hedoesn’tmindifthewomangoestothelecture.
C)Hewantstohearthelecture.D)Hehasheardthelecturebefore.
12.A)Payseveralbills.B)Phonetheelectriccompany.
C)Paylessrent.D)Makefewertelephonecalls.
13.A)He’ssurethenewchefisbetter.B)Hewonderswhetherthenewchefisanimprovement.
C)Hehopesthenewchefwillstaylongerthantheoldonedid.
D)He’sgoingtoseethenewcheftonight.
14.A)Katiedoesn’toftendance.B)Katieisn’tthepersondancing.
C)Katiedoesindeeddancewell.D)Katiedancesbetterthanherfriend.
15.A)Themanshouldbuyadifferentmealticketeachmonth.
B)Individualseatdifferentamounts.
C)Buyingthemealticketwon’tsavethemanmoney.
D)Thepriceofamealvariesfrommonthtomonth.
16.A)Theapplicationisn’tavailableattheoffice.B)Thewomanshouldmailacopyofherapplication.
C)Thephotocopymachineisn’tthereanymore.D)Thewomancanmakecopiesatthepostoffice.
17.A)Shedoesn’tliketheprofessorverymuch.B)Shedoubtsclasswillbecanceled.
C)Shedoesn’twantt