丙类三副英语评估 会话部分下半年.docx
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丙类三副英语评估会话部分下半年
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TheradiocannowbetunedtotheemergencyfrequencyofthebandonwhichtheDSCalertwassentfortransmissionoftheurgencymessage.Theformatofanurgencymessageis:
PanPan.ThewordsPanPanindicatethatthemessageisanurgencymessage,andassuch,itshouldhavepriorityoverallbutdistresstraffic.Inthecaseofarequestformedicalassistance,thesignalisPanPanMedico.Notethatthisisformedicalassistance.ArequestformedicaladviceisnotaPanPan.Address-Allmessagesexceptdistressmustbeaddressedtosomebody.Ageneralcall,perhapsforatow,wouldbeaddressedto'allstations'.APanPanMedicoismorelikelytobeaddressedtoaspecificCoastStation,butundersomecircumstancesthattoocouldbeaddressedto'allstations'.Identity-Youmustidentifyyourselfinalltransmissions.AnystationthathasreceivedyoururgencycallonDSChasreceivedyourMMSInumberaspartofthecall,soyouridentityshouldincludetheMMSInumberaswellasthenameandcall-signofyourvessel.Position-ThismayhavebeenincludedintheDSCcall,butitshouldberepeatedhere.Ifsomebodyistohelpyou,theyneedtoknowwhereyouare.Asinthedistressmessage,yourpositionasadistanceandbearingfromaprominentlandmarkmaymeanmoretothereceivingstationthanalatitudeandlongitude.Assistance-Statewhatassistanceisneeded.Over-TerminatethemessagewithPanPan,nameofyourvesselandcall-sign,andtheword'over',sotheotherstationsknowyouhavefinished,andtheycanrespond.Oncecommunicationshavebeenestablishedwithasuitablestation,thesubsequenttrafficwillnormallytransferofftheemergencyfrequencyontoaworkingchannel.IfthecommunicationisonVHFandthetrafficisinter-ship,thenchannel6couldbeused.IfthecommunicationiswiththeCoastguard,thentheywillprobablytransferoperationstochannel67intheUKor22AintheUSA.ACoastStationwillmovecommunicationstooneoftheirworkingchannels.
Whenthevesselapproachesherdesignatedberthatminimumsteerageway,theapproachtothequayismadeatthesmallestpossibleangle.Withaheavinglinethehawserispulledfromthevesselontotheembankmentbyline-handlers.Thespringisfastenedtoabollard,andwhiletheengineisonhalfastern,thewarpingdrumpicksuptheslack.Topreventthelinefrombeingfouled,thehawserorspringisledthroughthefairlead.Theshipisthenmaneuveredalongtheembankmentandfastenedtobollardsbyheadlines,sternlines,breastlinesandsprings.
Whenleavingberth,castingofforders,engineroomordersandhelmordersaregivenbythepilotorthemaster.Afterhavingstartedtheengine,thefirstorderis"Standbyforlettinggo!
".Whenalineiscastoff,thefirstordermustalwaysbe"Slackaway",sothatitwillbecomepossibletohandlethehawser.Thenextcastingofforderwillthenbe:
"Heaveaway",whichmeansthatthelinecanbepulledaboard.Thesequenceofcastingoffordersthatcanthenbegivendependsonhowthevesselhasbeenberthed,andontheprevailingweatherconditionandcurrents.
Weather-conditionshaveagreatinfluenceonthesafetyduringavoyageandshouldalwaysbetakenintoconsiderationinvoyage-planningandwhenunderway.
Thestateoftheatmosphereisdeterminedbyvariousmeteorologicalelements,suchastemperature,humidity,cloudinessandfog,formsofprecipitation,barometricpressure,andspeedanddirectionofwind.Alltheseelementsmaybereferredtoas"theweather".
Humidityreferstotheamountofwatervapourintheair.Warmairiscapableofcontainingahighergradeofmoisture,orhumidity,thancoldair.Themaximumamountofmoisturethataircanholdataspecifictemperatureisknownas"saturation".
Mostcloudsaretheresultofarisingmassofcoolair.Whenthetemperatureofairfalls,watervapourintheairwillcondenseintodropletsoricecrystals,thusformingcloudsorfog
Allwheelordersgivenshouldberepeatedbythehelmsmanandtheofficerofthewatchshouldensurethattheyarecarriedoutcorrectlyandimmediately.Allwheelordersshouldbehelduntilcountermanded.Thehelmsmanshouldreportimmediately.Ifthevesseldoesnotanswerthewheel,whenthereisconcernthatthehelmsmanisinattentiveheshouldbequestioned:
"whatisyourcourse?
"andheshouldrespond:
"mycourse230degrees."
Maritimecommunicationcomprisescommunicationbetweenvesselsandcoast-stations,inter-shipcommunicationandintrashipcommunication(internalcommunicationwhenthevesselisbeforecastingoff,leavingberth,loadingordischarging,etc.).
Vesselsandcoast-stationscancommunicatebymeansofRadioTelephony,Satellite,DigitalSelectiveCalling(DSC)andRadio-Telex.
Categoriesofmessagesthatcanbetransmittedandreceivedarecalled'priorities'.Theyindicatetheimportanceofthemessage.
ADISTRESSALERTindicatesthatthereisseriousandimmediatedangerforvessel,crewandpassengers.ADistressAlertisalsoreferredtoasa'MAYDAY'.
AnURGENCYmessageindicatesthatthereisseriousdangerforvessel,crewandpassenger.AnUrgencyMessageisalsoreferredtoasa'PANPAN'message.
ASAFETYmessageindicatesthatthereisimminentriskfornavigation.ASafetyMessageisalsoreferredtoasa'SECURITE'message.
AROUTINEmessageistransmittedtoensuresafenavigation.Routinemessagesrefertointershipcommunication,exchangeofdatainportoperations,communicationbetweenshipsandVesselTrafficServices,inshoreradarstations,pilotstations,bridgesandlocks.
Alinesmanmustneverstand,orallowotherstostand,betweenamooringropeandthequayedge.Alinesmanmustneverstandinorallowotherstostandinaloopor"bight"ofanyrope.Oncearopehasbeenplacedonabollard,thelinesmanwillmovewellawayfromthebollardwhetherstrainhasbeentakenontheropebytheshipornot.Whenconsideringwhatdistancetomoveaway,onemustthinkintermsof20oreven30feetifpossible.Anylonropepartingunderstrainwillflyback20to25feet;asisalropewillprobablynotflybackatallbutasteelwireropewillflyandcurlunpredictably,dependingontheangleoftheropeandhowitparted.Everybollard,inregularuseismarkedwithyellowlinesidentifyingthe"snapbackzone".
Thetransmissionofadistressalertindicatesthatashipisindistressandrequiresimmediatelyassistance.Allstationsonreceivingadistressalertshallimmediatelyceaseanytransmissioncapableofinterferingwithdistresstrafficandshallcontinuetowatchuntilthecallhasbeenacknowledged.Thedistressalertshouldidentifytheshipindistressandeitherdirectlyorindirectlyindicateherposition.Thedistressalertmayalsocontaininformationregardingthenatureofdistress,thetypeofassistancerequired,thecourseandspeedoftheshipandthetimeatwhichtheinformationwasrecorded.Ship-to-shoredistressalertswillalertthroughcoaststationsandcoastearthstationsrescuecoordinationcenterthatashipisindistressusingtransmissionsthroughsatellites(fromashipearthstationorasatelliteEPIRB),digitalselectivecallingintheVHF,MF,andHFbandsandbyEPIRBs.Ship-to-shipdistressalertswillalertothershipsinthevicinityoftheshipindistressusingdigitalselectivecallingintheVHFandMFbands.Shore-to-shipdistressalertswillbeaddressedasappropriatetoaspecificship,toaselectedgroupofships,toshipswithinaspecifiedgeographicalareaortoallships.
Therearefivecommonkindsofinjuryonvessels.Seafarerssometimesbreaktheirarmsandlegswhentheysliporfall.Theseaccidentshappenwhentheydon'twearsafetybootsorwhendecksarewetandoily.Seafarersalsofallwhenladdersarenotsecure.Topreventbrokenarmsandlegs,itisimportanttowearsafetyboots.Seafarerssometimesstraintheirbackswhentheyliftheavyobjects.Backstrainusuallyhappenswhenseafarersliftobjectsaloneorwhentheydon'tuseliftingequipmentproperly.Topreventbackstrain,itisimportanttoliftproperly.Seafarerssometimessufferfromburnswhenthereisafire,explosionorchemicalspill.Seafarersneedtobecarefulwhentheysmokeorwhentheyworkwithchemicals.Topreventburns,itisimportanttoobey"NoSmoking"signsandtohandlechemicalcargossafely.Seafarerssometimessufferfromcuts.Theyoftencuttheirfingerswhentheyarecarelesswithsharpmachinery.Topreventcuts,itisimportanttousesafetyguardsandweargloves.Seafarerssometimesinjuretheireyeswhentheyworkwithmachinery.Dust,sparks,andchemicalsareverydangerouswhentheyentertheeye.Topreventeyeinjuries,itisimportanttowearprotectivegoggles.
Helicopteristherapidesttransportationmeanstotransferthecasualtiesorrescuesurvivorsatsea.Helicopterrescuebecomesmoreandmoreimportantinmarineshipping.WhenthehelicoptertakespartinSARoperation,communicationsbetweenthehelicopterandvesselsarevital.MostEuropeancountrieshaveallweatherSARhelicoptersonpermanentstandbywithunfuelledrangesofupto300nauticalmilesandthisrangecanbegreatlyextendedbyrefuelingfromoilorforwardairfieldsandsomenavalvessels.Inthisway,theentireNorthSea,andmostofNorthAtlanticoutto17°west,iscoveredbySARhelicopters.Thehelicopterpilotwillwanttoapproachtheshipinsuchawaythatthehelicopterwillhoverintotherelativewindandwiththepilot'sside(starboardside)closesttotheshipasheapproaches.Ifthehelicopteristoapproachintheusualmanner,fromthestern,theshipshouldmaintainaconstantspeedthroughthewaterandkeepthewind30°ontheportbow.Ifthehoistingareaissomeareaoftheshipotherthan