丙类三副英语评估 会话部分下半年.docx

丙类三副英语评估 会话部分下半年.docx

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丙类三副英语评估会话部分下半年

阅读题

TheradiocannowbetunedtotheemergencyfrequencyofthebandonwhichtheDSCalertwassentfortransmissionoftheurgencymessage.Theformatofanurgencymessageis:

PanPan.ThewordsPanPanindicatethatthemessageisanurgencymessage,andassuch,itshouldhavepriorityoverallbutdistresstraffic.Inthecaseofarequestformedicalassistance,thesignalisPanPanMedico.Notethatthisisformedicalassistance.ArequestformedicaladviceisnotaPanPan.Address-Allmessagesexceptdistressmustbeaddressedtosomebody.Ageneralcall,perhapsforatow,wouldbeaddressedto'allstations'.APanPanMedicoismorelikelytobeaddressedtoaspecificCoastStation,butundersomecircumstancesthattoocouldbeaddressedto'allstations'.Identity-Youmustidentifyyourselfinalltransmissions.AnystationthathasreceivedyoururgencycallonDSChasreceivedyourMMSInumberaspartofthecall,soyouridentityshouldincludetheMMSInumberaswellasthenameandcall-signofyourvessel.Position-ThismayhavebeenincludedintheDSCcall,butitshouldberepeatedhere.Ifsomebodyistohelpyou,theyneedtoknowwhereyouare.Asinthedistressmessage,yourpositionasadistanceandbearingfromaprominentlandmarkmaymeanmoretothereceivingstationthanalatitudeandlongitude.Assistance-Statewhatassistanceisneeded.Over-TerminatethemessagewithPanPan,nameofyourvesselandcall-sign,andtheword'over',sotheotherstationsknowyouhavefinished,andtheycanrespond.Oncecommunicationshavebeenestablishedwithasuitablestation,thesubsequenttrafficwillnormallytransferofftheemergencyfrequencyontoaworkingchannel.IfthecommunicationisonVHFandthetrafficisinter-ship,thenchannel6couldbeused.IfthecommunicationiswiththeCoastguard,thentheywillprobablytransferoperationstochannel67intheUKor22AintheUSA.ACoastStationwillmovecommunicationstooneoftheirworkingchannels.

Whenthevesselapproachesherdesignatedberthatminimumsteerageway,theapproachtothequayismadeatthesmallestpossibleangle.Withaheavinglinethehawserispulledfromthevesselontotheembankmentbyline-handlers.Thespringisfastenedtoabollard,andwhiletheengineisonhalfastern,thewarpingdrumpicksuptheslack.Topreventthelinefrombeingfouled,thehawserorspringisledthroughthefairlead.Theshipisthenmaneuveredalongtheembankmentandfastenedtobollardsbyheadlines,sternlines,breastlinesandsprings.

Whenleavingberth,castingofforders,engineroomordersandhelmordersaregivenbythepilotorthemaster.Afterhavingstartedtheengine,thefirstorderis"Standbyforlettinggo!

".Whenalineiscastoff,thefirstordermustalwaysbe"Slackaway",sothatitwillbecomepossibletohandlethehawser.Thenextcastingofforderwillthenbe:

"Heaveaway",whichmeansthatthelinecanbepulledaboard.Thesequenceofcastingoffordersthatcanthenbegivendependsonhowthevesselhasbeenberthed,andontheprevailingweatherconditionandcurrents.

Weather-conditionshaveagreatinfluenceonthesafetyduringavoyageandshouldalwaysbetakenintoconsiderationinvoyage-planningandwhenunderway.

Thestateoftheatmosphereisdeterminedbyvariousmeteorologicalelements,suchastemperature,humidity,cloudinessandfog,formsofprecipitation,barometricpressure,andspeedanddirectionofwind.Alltheseelementsmaybereferredtoas"theweather".

Humidityreferstotheamountofwatervapourintheair.Warmairiscapableofcontainingahighergradeofmoisture,orhumidity,thancoldair.Themaximumamountofmoisturethataircanholdataspecifictemperatureisknownas"saturation".

Mostcloudsaretheresultofarisingmassofcoolair.Whenthetemperatureofairfalls,watervapourintheairwillcondenseintodropletsoricecrystals,thusformingcloudsorfog

Allwheelordersgivenshouldberepeatedbythehelmsmanandtheofficerofthewatchshouldensurethattheyarecarriedoutcorrectlyandimmediately.Allwheelordersshouldbehelduntilcountermanded.Thehelmsmanshouldreportimmediately.Ifthevesseldoesnotanswerthewheel,whenthereisconcernthatthehelmsmanisinattentiveheshouldbequestioned:

"whatisyourcourse?

"andheshouldrespond:

"mycourse230degrees."

Maritimecommunicationcomprisescommunicationbetweenvesselsandcoast-stations,inter-shipcommunicationandintrashipcommunication（internalcommunicationwhenthevesselisbeforecastingoff,leavingberth,loadingordischarging,etc.）.

Vesselsandcoast-stationscancommunicatebymeansofRadioTelephony,Satellite,DigitalSelectiveCalling（DSC）andRadio-Telex.

Categoriesofmessagesthatcanbetransmittedandreceivedarecalled'priorities'.Theyindicatetheimportanceofthemessage.

ADISTRESSALERTindicatesthatthereisseriousandimmediatedangerforvessel,crewandpassengers.ADistressAlertisalsoreferredtoasa'MAYDAY'.

AnURGENCYmessageindicatesthatthereisseriousdangerforvessel,crewandpassenger.AnUrgencyMessageisalsoreferredtoasa'PANPAN'message.

ASAFETYmessageindicatesthatthereisimminentriskfornavigation.ASafetyMessageisalsoreferredtoasa'SECURITE'message.

AROUTINEmessageistransmittedtoensuresafenavigation.Routinemessagesrefertointershipcommunication,exchangeofdatainportoperations,communicationbetweenshipsandVesselTrafficServices,inshoreradarstations,pilotstations,bridgesandlocks.

Alinesmanmustneverstand,orallowotherstostand,betweenamooringropeandthequayedge.Alinesmanmustneverstandinorallowotherstostandinaloopor"bight"ofanyrope.Oncearopehasbeenplacedonabollard,thelinesmanwillmovewellawayfromthebollardwhetherstrainhasbeentakenontheropebytheshipornot.Whenconsideringwhatdistancetomoveaway,onemustthinkintermsof20oreven30feetifpossible.Anylonropepartingunderstrainwillflyback20to25feet;asisalropewillprobablynotflybackatallbutasteelwireropewillflyandcurlunpredictably,dependingontheangleoftheropeandhowitparted.Everybollard,inregularuseismarkedwithyellowlinesidentifyingthe"snapbackzone".

Thetransmissionofadistressalertindicatesthatashipisindistressandrequiresimmediatelyassistance.Allstationsonreceivingadistressalertshallimmediatelyceaseanytransmissioncapableofinterferingwithdistresstrafficandshallcontinuetowatchuntilthecallhasbeenacknowledged.Thedistressalertshouldidentifytheshipindistressandeitherdirectlyorindirectlyindicateherposition.Thedistressalertmayalsocontaininformationregardingthenatureofdistress,thetypeofassistancerequired,thecourseandspeedoftheshipandthetimeatwhichtheinformationwasrecorded.Ship-to-shoredistressalertswillalertthroughcoaststationsandcoastearthstationsrescuecoordinationcenterthatashipisindistressusingtransmissionsthroughsatellites（fromashipearthstationorasatelliteEPIRB）,digitalselectivecallingintheVHF,MF,andHFbandsandbyEPIRBs.Ship-to-shipdistressalertswillalertothershipsinthevicinityoftheshipindistressusingdigitalselectivecallingintheVHFandMFbands.Shore-to-shipdistressalertswillbeaddressedasappropriatetoaspecificship,toaselectedgroupofships,toshipswithinaspecifiedgeographicalareaortoallships.

Therearefivecommonkindsofinjuryonvessels.Seafarerssometimesbreaktheirarmsandlegswhentheysliporfall.Theseaccidentshappenwhentheydon'twearsafetybootsorwhendecksarewetandoily.Seafarersalsofallwhenladdersarenotsecure.Topreventbrokenarmsandlegs,itisimportanttowearsafetyboots.Seafarerssometimesstraintheirbackswhentheyliftheavyobjects.Backstrainusuallyhappenswhenseafarersliftobjectsaloneorwhentheydon'tuseliftingequipmentproperly.Topreventbackstrain,itisimportanttoliftproperly.Seafarerssometimessufferfromburnswhenthereisafire,explosionorchemicalspill.Seafarersneedtobecarefulwhentheysmokeorwhentheyworkwithchemicals.Topreventburns,itisimportanttoobey"NoSmoking"signsandtohandlechemicalcargossafely.Seafarerssometimessufferfromcuts.Theyoftencuttheirfingerswhentheyarecarelesswithsharpmachinery.Topreventcuts,itisimportanttousesafetyguardsandweargloves.Seafarerssometimesinjuretheireyeswhentheyworkwithmachinery.Dust,sparks,andchemicalsareverydangerouswhentheyentertheeye.Topreventeyeinjuries,itisimportanttowearprotectivegoggles.

Helicopteristherapidesttransportationmeanstotransferthecasualtiesorrescuesurvivorsatsea.Helicopterrescuebecomesmoreandmoreimportantinmarineshipping.WhenthehelicoptertakespartinSARoperation,communicationsbetweenthehelicopterandvesselsarevital.MostEuropeancountrieshaveallweatherSARhelicoptersonpermanentstandbywithunfuelledrangesofupto300nauticalmilesandthisrangecanbegreatlyextendedbyrefuelingfromoilorforwardairfieldsandsomenavalvessels.Inthisway,theentireNorthSea,andmostofNorthAtlanticoutto17°west,iscoveredbySARhelicopters.Thehelicopterpilotwillwanttoapproachtheshipinsuchawaythatthehelicopterwillhoverintotherelativewindandwiththepilot'sside（starboardside）closesttotheshipasheapproaches.Ifthehelicopteristoapproachintheusualmanner,fromthestern,theshipshouldmaintainaconstantspeedthroughthewaterandkeepthewind30°ontheportbow.Ifthehoistingareaissomeareaoftheshipotherthan