创新思维与方法总结.docx
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创新思维与方法总结
创新的思维和方法
1创新的概念和范围
创新（innovation）,起源于拉丁语.包含三层含义:
一是更新;二是创造新东西;三是改变.它是利用已存的自然资源或者社会要素创造新事物的行为,是以新思维,新发明和新描述为特征的一种概念化过程.
创新一词听起来比较模糊和抽象,但是创新其实离我们生活并不远,它已经融进了我们的生活,它无处不在,处处可见,时时可见,事事可见.创新不是科学家,专家,技术人员的专利,它是属于全人类,人人都可以创新.
2创新的思维
创新思维是指人类在探索未知领域的过程中,不受常规的,现成的思路约束,寻求对问题的全新的独特的解决方法的思维过程.
2.1创新思维的障碍
人类在从事思维活动时,容易受一些因素的影响,从而会出现一些偏差,阻碍了我们完成创新活动.这种创新思维障碍主要有二大类,一类是偏见思维;一类是定时思维.
2.1.1偏见思维
我们在观察事物过程中,只观察到它的一些侧面,无法或者没有观察它的全貌,我们在考虑问题的解决方法时就会产生偏差.偏见有多种形式,主要有经验偏见,利益偏见,位置偏见,封闭思维.
偏见是一种心理现象,一种无意识的现象,不是人主观故意而为,而是在不经意间形成的.偏见源于经验,经验很重要,一定的经验会有利于创新,我们要超越偏见,就要超越我们的经验来思考问题.
2.1.2定势思维
定势思维也是依据某一问题的经验形成的一种心理状态,这种心理状态影响和决定后续类似活动的思维.这种定势思维主要表现为惯性思维,线形思维和惰性思维等.
2.2创新思维的形式
2.2.1收敛思维和发散思维
收敛思维是指从信息的某个状况一步步地推演到另外一个状况,或从众多可能的解决的方案中挑选最佳解决方案的思维方式.其思维过程是从现有的信息出发,按照所给定的信息出发,按照给定的信息和线索,以所需研究的对象为中心,通过比较,筛选,组合,论证等深化思考,挑选出最佳的解决方案.
发散思维是指大脑在思维的时候,呈现多维发散状态的思维模式.它有众多表现形式,例如,结构发散,因果发散,属性发散,关系发散,功能发散等多种形式.
收敛思维和发散思维不同.收敛思维为解决某个问题,从众多的现象,线索信息中围绕所要解决的问题,根据已有的知识和经验,得出最好的解决办法.发散思维则是为了解决某个问题,总是追求更多的解决办法.
收敛思维与发散思维的区别和特点如下:
收敛思维
发散思维
特点
选择性
创造性
分析性
触发性
序列式
跳动式
逐步修正
信马由缰
排出无关项目
迎接突如其来的想法
逻辑所控制
任由心灵所想
一个目标不断前行
多个目标并发
收敛思维和发散思维看似矛盾,但两者又是统一的.发散思维用于创造新点子和新想法,提供更多的选择,形成更多的方案,经过收敛思维的加工整理,形成最佳的解决方案.两者相辅相成,结合使用创造出新的解决方案.
2.2.2逆向思维
逆向思维是不采用通常思考问题的思路,从相反的方向去思考问题.通常逆向思维能出奇制胜,取得突破性解决问题的方法.
2.2.3颠倒思维
颠倒思维和逆向思维比较想像,它是把对象的整体\部分或性能颠倒过来,包括上下颠倒,里外颠倒,性质颠倒,因果颠倒等.一个比较经典的案例就是居室载船,一人想用小船运石,巨石放入传中,船承受不了巨石重力,会沉入水中.所以采用把巨石吊在船底,由于巨石在水中的浮力抵消部分重力,从而成功运走巨石.
2.2.4侧向思维
侧向思维是一种将注意力引向外侧其他领域和事物,从而受到启发,找到超出限定条件以外的新思路.
2.2.5组合思维
组合思维是把两种和两种以上的物体\技术\方法和原理现象结合起来进行创新思维的方法.例如,我们用的红蓝铅笔,带橡皮的铅笔,或者香水钢笔,这些都是由组合思维产生的.
联想思维
2.2.6联想思维是指将一种事物和另外一种事物联系起来.探究他们之间共同的或者类似的规律,以解决问题的思维方法.
3创新方法
3.1创新方法定义
创新方法是科学思维,科学方法和科学工具的总称.
3.2创新方法的分类
创新方法有很多,例如创新趋势分析法,创新思维技巧,创新评价方法,研究开发方法等.
3.2.1创新趋势分析法
创新趋势分析法又分为头脑风暴法和SWOT分析法等.
头脑风暴法其实就是集思广益.SWOT分析法是一种结构化工具,包括优势,劣势,机会和威胁四个方面.
3.2.2研究方法
研究开发是主要的创新活动,其核心是产品开发.他有很多很多开发方法,其中用的最多的是和田十二法.它遵循12种思路,即:
”加一加,减一减,扩一扩,缩一缩,变一变,改一改,拼一拼,学一学,代一代,搬一搬,反一反,定一定”.
加一加,把物体加大一点,加高一点,功能加多一点,在尺寸形态上,功能上,尺寸上有所变化.
减一减,把一件物品减小一点,减轻一点,降低一点,减短一点.
扩一扩,把物品扩大一点,放宽一点,使功能产生明显变化.
缩一缩,使一个物品体积缩小一点,长度缩短一点.
变一变,改变形状,尺寸,颜色,印象,滋味.
改一改,对一个物品原来的形状结构性能改进,使之呈现出新的形态,新的功能.
拼一拼,把一个物体和其他物体拼合起来.
学一学,通过学习模仿别的物品,事物的形状,结构,色彩,性能,规格,功能,动作等.
代一代,材料,方法,工具和商品的代用.
搬一搬,把某个部件搬动一下,使之形成一种新的物品,产生新的功能.
反一反,把某种物品形状,性质,功能反一反,做出新的创造.
定一定,按照人类社会活动规范来创造发明新事物.
3.3运用创新方法发展核心技术
创新不一定全部是新技术的发明,他可以是新方法,新技术,也可以是核心技术的发展和延伸.
Thethinkingandmethodsofinnovation
1TheScopeandconceptofinnovation
ThewordofinnovationderivesfromLatin.Ithasthree-layermeanings:
updating,creatinganewthingandchanging.Itisanactionthatcreatesanewthingthroughusingpresentresourcesorsocialelements.Itisalsoaconceptualizationprocessthathasthefeaturesofnewthinking,newinventionandnewdescription.
Itsoundsthatinnovationisabstractandfuzzy,andfarfromourlife.Actually,innovationisinourlife,wecanfinditanywhere,anytimeandanything.Itnotonlybelongstoscientists,engineers,butalsotoallpeople.
2Innovativethinking
Innovativethinkingisathoughtprocessthatseeksthenewanduniquesolutionforproblemsinhumandiscoveringunknownfields.Itisnotconstrainedbyconventionalandpresentthinking.
2.1Thebarriersofinnovativethinking
Ininnovativethinking,peoplewillbeaffectedbysomefactors,makesomedeviation,sowillnotfinishtheinnovation.Therearetwomajorbarriersininnovativethinking;theyareprejudicethinkingandassumptionthinking.
2.1.1Prejudicethinking
Intheprocessofobservation,wejustseetheonesideofthething,butnotall.Wewillmakeaone-sideddecisionwhenweconsiderthesolutionofproblem.Therearemanyformsofprejudicethinking,theyareexperienceprejudice,profitprejudice,positionprejudiceandclosedthinking.
Prejudiceisjustapsychologicalphenomenon,oranunconsciousphenomenon.Itisalsoanactionthatpeopledosomethingunconsciously.Actually,prejudiceisfromexperience,innovationneedsexperiencetosupport,butmoreexperiencewillblockourinnovativethinkingsometimes.Soweneedtothinkbeyondprejudiceandourexperiencewhenweareengagingininnovation.
Takeanexample:
Justforstationeryinchinamarketing,therearetwodifferentpointsofview.Onethinksthatthereisnomarketinchina,becausetherehavebeensomanystationeryproductsinchina,justnoroominmarketshare.Theotherthinksthatthecertainbrand’sproducthaven’toccupiedChina’smarket,sotherewillbeabigroomtodevelopinmarketshare.
Inmyopinion,thesetwoviewsareveryone-side.
2.1.2Assumptionthinking
Assumptionthinkingisalsoapsychologicalstatethatisformedbysomeproblem’sexperience.Thispsychologicalstatewillaffectanddecidethesimilarthingthathappensafter.Therearethreeformsofassumptionthinking:
theyareinertialthinking,linearthinkingandinertthinking.
Takeanexample:
Assumptionthinking:
youshouldthinkofthefunctionofthewritingwhenwetalkaboutapen.
Innovativethinking:
ifthepenisforalady,itshouldbeaneyebrowpencilorapenfullofperfume.
2.2Theformsofinnovativethinking
2.2.1Convergentthinkinganddivergentthinking
Convergentthinkingisathinkingmodethatinfersinformationfromcertainstatetoanotherstatestepbystep,andthenchoosesthebestsolutionfrommanypossiblesolutions.Theprocessisasfollows:
tokeeptheresearchobjectasthecenter,tostartfromtheexistinginformationaccordingtothegiveninformationandclues,thentothinkdeeplyinsomemethodslikecomparing,sifting,combinationandargument,andpickoutthebestsolution.
Divergentthinkingisathinkingmodethathasmultidimensionaldirection.Therearemanyformsofdivergentthinking,suchasdivergentinstructure,causality,attribute,relation,function,andsoon.
Theyhavedifferenceinthewayofsolvingproblem.Thepurposeofconvergentthinkingistosolvetheproblem,getthebestsolutionbasedonthepresentinformation,knowledgeandexperience.
Divergentthinkingalwayscollectsmoremethodstosolvetheproblem.
Thefeatureanddifferenceofconvergentanddivergentthinkingareasfollows:
Convergentthinking
Divergentthinking
Feature
and
difference
Selectivity
Creativity
Analyticity
Trigger
Sequentiality
Jumping
Modifystepbystep
Wildimagination
Removeirrelevantofobject
Receivethesuddenidea
Controlbylogic
Thoughtswithwings
Foronetarget
Multipletargets
Convergentanddivergentthinkingalwaysshouldbeusedtogether.Divergentthinkingsupplynewideasandnewthinkingforgettingasolution.Andthentheseideasandthinkingareintegratedandprocessedinconvergentthinking,finallydesignergetthebestsolution.Theytwoexistsaninnerrelationshipofsupplementandinfluencingeachother.
2.2.2Conversethinking
Conversethinkingisathinkingthatconsiderproblemwithoppositeway,anditalsocangetagoodsolution.
2.2.3Reversethinking
Reversethinkingissimilartoconversethinking.Itconsiderstheproblemthroughusingthemethodlikereversingtheobject,orreservingthepart,orreservingthefunction.Thesereversalsincludeupsidedown,insideout,cartbefore,reversinginpropertiesandsoon.
Takeanexample:
onepeoplewantedtoshipbigstonewithaboattoanotherside,butthestonewasveryheavy,theshipwouldsinkifthestonewasintheboat.Atlast,theyhungthebigstoneatthebottomofboat,carriedawaythebigstonesuccessfullybecausethepartofgravitywasoffsetbythebuoyancy.
2.2.4Lateralthinking
Lateralthinkingisathinkingthatguidestheattentiontootherfieldsorotherobjectswhenpeoplearethinkingtheproblem.Hewillbespiredbythem,thenfindsthenewsolutionbeyondassumedconditions.
2.2.5Combinationthinking
Combinationthinkingisathinkingmodethatconsiderstheproblemthroughcombiningtwooraboveobjects,technology,methods,theoryandsoon.
Takeanexample:
suchasapenwithtwocolors,apencilwitheraser,apenfullofperfume.
2.2.6Associativethinking
Associativethinkingisathinkingmodethatsolvestheproblemthroughconnectingonethingwithanotherthingandfindingtheirsameandsimilar.
3Innovativemethods
3.1Definition
Innovativemethodsincludescientificthinking,scientificmethodandscientifictool.
3.2Theclassificationsofinnovativemethods
Therearemanywaystoinnovate,liketheanalyticalmethodofinnovationtendency,theskillsofinnovativethinking,theevaluationmethodologyofinnovation,themethodofresearchanddevelopmentandsoon.Heremainlydiscussabouttheanalyticalmethodofinnovationtendencyandthemethodofresearchanddevelopment.
3.2.1Theanalyticalmethodofinnovationtendency
Theanalyticalmethodofinnovationtendencyisdividedintoafewmethods,likebrainstorm,SWOTandsoon.
Brainstormisamethodthatmainlycollectseveryone’sideainthemeeting;SWOTisastructuralanalyticaltool.Itincludesstrengthsanalysis,weaknessanalysis,opportunitiesanalysis,andthreatsanalysis.
3.2.2Themethodofresearchanddevelopment
Themethodofresearchanddevelopmentisthemajorinnovationinenterprise.Productdevelopmentisitscore.Hetiantwelvemethodisverypopularinsomanydevelopmentmethods.Theyare:
adding,decrease,enlarging,shrinkage,changing,improvement,combination,imitating,replacing,move,reversing,fixing.
Adding:
addthedimensionandfunctionoftheobject.
Decrease:
decreasethedimensionsandweightandothersofobject.
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