高中英语总结语法篇定稿.docx
《高中英语总结语法篇定稿.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《高中英语总结语法篇定稿.docx(42页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
高中英语总结语法篇定稿
高中英语总结------语法篇
目录
一、音标
二、词类
三、句法
四、句子结构
五、定语从句
六、反义疑问句
七、现在完成进行时
八、一般将来时
九、将来进行时
十、过去完成时
十一、现在完成时
十二、名词性从句
十三、宾语补足语
十四、主谓一致
十五、直接引语和间接引语
十六、情态动词
十七、被动语态
十八、虚拟语气
一.【音标】
1.48个国际音标
元音长元音/ɑ:
//ɔ:
//ɜ:
//i:
//U:
/
短元音/ʌ//ɒ//ə//ɪ//ʊ//e//æ/
双元音/eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ//ɪə//eə//ʊə//əʊ//aʊ/
辅音轻辅音/p//t//k//f//θ//s//ʃ//h/
浊辅音/b//d//g//v//ð//z//ts//tʃ//tr/
/ʒ//r//dz//dʒ//dr//m//n//ŋ/
/w//ǀ//j/
2.音节
(1)组成
一个元音+一/多个辅音e.g.sit/sit/
一个元音e.g.eye/aɪ/
/m//n//ǀ/和前面的辅音构成e.g.idol/'aɪdl/
(2)分类
开音节:
辅音+元音+辅音+不发音的e.g.name
辅音+元音e.g.go/gəʊ/
闭音节:
辅音+元音+辅音e.g.sit/sit/
元音+辅音e.g.it/it/
3.常见字母及字母组合的发音
1)a/ei//æ//ə//a:
//ɔ:
/
lateprivategrade;activehandbank;acceptaboutabove;
fastlastglass;washwhatwatchwant;
2)e/i:
//e//i//ə/不发音
appreciatemehe;letterleftmessage;decideprettyprevious;
problemprosperousstudent;activetablelate;
3)i/ai//i/
highpricelibraryice;fistpickchicken;
4)o/əu//u:
//ʌ//ə//ɔ/
lodehostcold;losedowhowhose;lovesomeother;todaytomorrowtogether;losthotmockoffice;
5)u/ju//u//ʌ//ə/
universityrefuseunique;put;butbucket;supportsuggest;
6)c/k//s/
countrycampcamera;cityceilingcelebrate;
7)g/g//dʒ//ŋ/
girlgradeglass;villagevegetablebridge;longsongsing;
8)l/l/读音不同
listenlearnlanguage;worldcoldsoiltall
9)n/n//ŋ/
moonnightnoodlenumber;unclehungryangryyoung;
10)r/r/
rightgradeprogress;cardboarddoorfloorformnorth;
11)y/j//i//ai/
yellowyoungyolk;universitycountryprettyhappy;
dykedyingflybuybymy
12)ar/a:
//ə//ɔ:
/
farmcardgarden;dollar;warmquarrelquarter
13)ea/i:
//e//ei//iə/
ceaseseasonbreathe;breath;reatbreak;idearealize;
14)ear/ə:
//iə/
learnearthearnheard;hearnearclearearfear;
15)er/ə:
//ə//iə/
deserveserveherperson;teacherdriverangersinger;
16)ere/iə//εə/
heremereferesere;there
17)ir/ə:
//ai/
shirtgirlskirt;admiredesire
18)oo/u:
//u//ʌ//ɔ:
/
roomtoolcool;goodfootstood;bloodflood;doorfloor;
19)or/ɔ:
//ə:
//ə/
shortformcorn;workworldworm;tractordoctoractorsector;
20)oor/ɔ:
//uə/
doorfloor;moorpoorboor;
21)our/uə//ɔ:
/
hourtourflourbournlour;pourcourtfourmourn
22)ou/au//ʌ//ə/
housemouthmouse;enoughtroubletouch;deliciousgracious
23)ow/əu//au/
windowmeadowknowshowlow;nowtownhowdowncow
24)th/θ//ð/
thankthinkthoughtcloth;clothesthatthisthenthan
25)sion/ʃən//ʒən/
propulsiontensionprogression;protrusionprovisionconclusiontelevision
26)tion/ʃən//tʃən/(不常见)
stationnationtranslationattentionquestion
4.连读和略读
1)以辅音结尾的单词+以元音开始的单词念成辅音+元e.g.faraway
2)以某音节结尾的单词+同音节开始单词念一次e.g.studentbook
3)以/p//t//k//b//d//g/结尾的单词+以元音开始的单词,前面的发音点到为止,舌头到达发音部位但不送气e.g.abadcold
5.语调
1)升调多用来表示“不肯定”或“未完结”的意思。
用于一般疑问句,语气婉转的陈述句以及用陈述句形式表达疑问的各类句子。
2)降调则表示“肯定”和“完结”的意思。
一般用于陈述句,特殊疑问句,命令句和感叹句。
二.【词类】
1.名词(n.)
在句中可充当主,表,宾,定,状,补,同位语
e.g.womenteacher;servethepeopleheartandsoul;makehimmonitor;He,afamousteacher,comesfromtheUSA
2.冠词(art.)
the/a/an
3.形容词(adj.)
在句中充当表,定,补,状----用于说明主语状态
e.g.makeourcountrystronger;hestoodthere,surprised
4.副词(adv.)
在句中充当状语,修饰adj./adv./v./句子
5.数词(num.)
①基数词(注意ninth)可充当补,表,宾,定e.g8pluszerois8
②序数词(注意forty)
6.代词(pron.)
1)分类
人称代词e.g.I;me
不定代词
e.g.either;neither;other;-thing;-one;all;both;many;much;little;few
物主代词e.g.mine;my
反身代词e.g.-self不能做S.
指示代词e.g.this;that;these;those;such
相互代词e.g.eachother;oneother
疑问代词e.g.what;who;why;how;when;where
关系代词(定语从句)e.g.that;which;where;as;who;whom
连接代词(名词性从句)
e.g.who;whom;that;what;which;whose;whether
2)在句中可充当主,宾,表,定,同位语
7.介词(preb)
其后必须加上n./pron./-ing来构成介宾短语
e.g.lookforwardtodoing;withoutdoingsth;dreamoftherebeingachance;leadtothethiefbeingcaught
8.动词
1)分类:
系动词
行为动词
情态动词(may,can)
助动词
2)动词的-ing;-ed;todo不可作谓语
9.连词
1)连接任何同位词,句
2)分类
并列连词:
e.g.and;but;or;for;so
从属连词(状语从句):
条件状语从句e.g.if;unless
时间状语从句e.g.when;where;as(伴随);assoon
as;since;once;till
原因状语从句e.g.because;as;since;nowthat
方式状语从句e.g.as;theway;asif
让步状语从句e.g.though;evenif;though;although
目的状语从句e.g.inorderthat;sothat
结果状语从句e.g.so…that;that
地点状语从句e.g.where
比较状语从句e.g.as…as…(heisastallasIam);that
10.叹词e.g.Oh
三.【句法】
1.主语
常由n./num./pron./todo(e.g.Toseeistobelieve)/doing/句子(Thathecamelatemaketheteacherangry)充当
2.谓语
常由vt;vi;link-v.充当
3.宾语
1)vt;prep后常跟宾语
2)常由n.;pron;num;todo;do-ing;句子充当
动词+宾语从句e.g.Ihopehecanleadmesomemoney
介词+宾语从句e.g.hegoesschoolontimeeveryday
expectwhenitrains
形容词+宾语从句e.g.Iamsureyoucansuccessed
4.表语
1)可由n.;pron;num;adj.;介词短语;adv.(Iamhere);todo;doing;句子(e.g.itseemsthatit’sgoingtorain)充当
2)常见系动词
状态系动词be;seem;appear;keep;prove;turnout;remain
感官系动词look;feel;sound;smell;taste
变化系动词become;grow;get;turn;go;make;come;fall
5.补足语
可由n.(findhimafamouspoet);adj;介词短语(getthefineundercontrol);adv(findthelandon);分词(findthecarmovingfast);todo充当
6.定语
可由adj.;n.;pron;num;介词短语(theboyinwhiteis);adv(thepenhere);分词(thepenboughtbyhimisblue);todo(作定语时表将来)充当
7.状语
可由adv;介词短语;分词;句子充当
四.【句子结构】
1.类型
简单句(simplesentence)
并列句(compoundsentence)and,but,or,so,while等连接
复合句(complexsentence)状语从句,定语从句,名词性从句等
2.简单句结构
S+V
S+V+O
S+V+P
S+V+DO+IO
S+V+O+OC
1)S+Vi(+修饰成分)
e.g.theycomehometovisitrelativesandfriends
2)S+Vt+O(+修饰成分)
e.g.①Ilikemusicn.
②Sherefusedtotakemyadvicetodo
③Idon’tknowhowtodealwithit疑问词+todo
④Hepractisesplayingthepiano动名词
⑤Idontthinkyouareright句子
3)S+V+O(+修饰成分)
系动词
表状态seem;appear;keep;stay;remain
表感觉look;feel;sound;smell;taste
表变化become;grow;turn;go;come
P≈n.;adj.;preb;pron;num;adv;-ing;-todo;sentence
4)S+V+DO+OC
v+sb.+sth=v+sth+to+sb
e.g.tell;give;hand;leave;lend;offer;owe;pass;read;sell;show;teach
V+sb+sth=v+sth+for+sb
e.g.buy;choose;get;make;order;sing
5)S+V+DO+OC
e.g.nametheboyTom;paintthewallwhite;keepeverythingingoodorder;keepthelighton;wishyoutostay;makehimwork;feelsthmoving;hearmynamecalled
五.【定语从句】(简称“ace”)
1.定语位置
句中单个词放前面;短语,句子放后面
antecedent先行词
2.关系代词:
that;which;who;whom;whose;
关系副词:
where;why;when
1)Who;whom;that指人;that;which指物;
whose指his、her、its、their
2)当关系代词在句中充当宾语时,可省略
3)只有that可充当P,whose在从句中充当定语
4)以下情况只用that,不用which
a.先行词为all,everything,nothing,anything,little,much等不定代词时,只用that
b.先行词被all,both,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时,只用that
c.先行词被adj-est或序数词修饰时,只用that
d.先行词被theonly,theevery,thelast,theright修饰时,只用that
e.先行词中既有人也有物时,只用that
f.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,只用that
e.g.it;snolongerthevillagethatitusedtobe
g.当主语是which引导的特殊疑问句时,只用that
e.g.Whichisthecarthatkilledbyhim
h.如果一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个用that
5)当先行词是anyone,those,he,she,one,someone代指“人”时,一般用who不用that
e.g.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman
6)Whose
Thehousewhosewindowisbrokenismine
=Thehouseofwhichthewindowisbrokenismine
=Thehousethewindowofwhichisbrokenismine
Whose作定语,表所属关系whose+n=the+n+of+whom/which
7)定语从句中谓语动词与先行词一致
e.g.Whoamyourteacher,willtrytohelpyou
8)Oneof,theonlyoneof
e.g.Tomisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam
Tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.
9)插入语+定语从句
Heisamanwhoeveryonethinksispleasanttogetalongwith
宾语从句主语插入语宾语从句
E.g.ThisisthemanwhoIbelieveishonest
10)介词+which/whom
E,g,Istheplayaboutwhichyouweretalkingjustnow?
选择:
a.Thisisthevillagetowhichyouweretalking谓语
b.HetalkingaboutsomebookwithwhichIsharehim介词
C.Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhetalks先行词
固定短语中介词不可提前:
lookfor/after/forwardto;carefor;hearof/about/from;takecareof
E,g,ThisistherightplaceI;mlookingfor
3.常见结构拓展
1)名+介+关系代词
Thisistheteacherwhosedaughterisafamousdoctor
=Thisistheteacherthedaughterofwhomisafamousdoctor
2)介词+关系代词(前后可能还有some,any,none,all,both,neither,
Many,most,each,few等代词或数词或adj-est等)
E,g,Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofthemareverykindtohim
Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife
Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan
3)介词短语+of+which/whom
e.g.Haveyouvisitedthetallbuilding
Youcanhaveagoodviewoverthewholecityonthetopofbuilding
=Haveyouevervisitedthetallbuildingonthetopofwhichyoucanhaveagoodviewofthewholecity?
4)Whose
e.g.ThemanageinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions
=ThemanagewhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions
5)Theway
Youtreatyourfatherintheway.Idon’tlikethatway
=Idon’tlikethewayinwhichyoutreatyourfather
=Idon’tliketheway(that)youtreatyourfather
6)关系副词
When=”at/in/during…+which”表时间
Where=“in/on/at…+which”表地点
Why=“for+which”表原因
4.非限制性定语从句(即句中有“,”与主句隔开)
1)翻译成两个独立的分句,非限制性定语从句的主语完成
2)引导词
a.why,that不能出现b.任何引导词都不能省略
C.which引导的非限制性定语从句
常见结构:
Ihavefinishedwritingthenovel,whichistobefinishedtomorrow.
Lucywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheparty,which,ofcourse,madeoursunhappy.
Sb./sth.+介词+which
Prep.+which+n.
常用词语:
by/during/whichtime;inwhichcase;forwhichreason
5.As
1)Ace中,先行词有thesame,such,so作修饰语,通常用as作关系代词。
E.g.heusedsuchexpressionsashecouldfindinthetexts
区分:
such/so···that+结果状语从句从句完整
such/so···that+定语从句从句不完整
thesame···as指两件事物
e.g.HeisusingthesamepenasIdid10yearsago.
thesame···that指同一件事物
e.g.HeisusingthesamepenthatIdid10yearsago.
2)非ace中
表正如assbexpect,know,say,report,mention
As:
位置:
句首/句中/句尾(可跟which互换)
正如被动态:
asisseen/known/expected
e.g.Asisknowntoeverybody,themoomtravelsaroundtheearth
Mike,asweexpected,attendt