《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版上).ppt

《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版上).ppt

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研究生英语精读教程研究生英语精读教程（第三版第三版上上）UnitOneYouAreWhatYouThink1.Text2.Exercises3.SupplementaryReadingYouAreWhatYouThinkAndifyouchangeyourmindfrompessimismtooptimismyoucanchangeyourlifeClaipeSafran1.doughnutn.炸面圈2.clichn.ideaorexpressionthathasbeentoomuchusedandisnowoutdated;stereotypedphrase;triteexpression陈腔滥调3.scrutinizev.makeadetailedexaminationof细查，详审；审视1Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?

Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?

Suddenlytheseclichsarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.2Afast-growingbodyofresearch104studiessofar,involvingsome15000peopleisprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.1.optimismn.beliefthatintheendgoodwilltriumphoverevil;tendencytolookuponthebrightsideofthings;confidenceinsuccess乐观；乐观主义2.pessimismn.tendencytobelievethattheworstthingismostlikelytohappen,thateverythingisessentiallyevil悲观；悲观主义3.depressionn.beingsad;lowspirit沮丧，抑郁Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston，itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.1.psychologistn.心理学家，研究心理学者3Yourabilitiescount,explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart,thatsbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.1.inpart:

tosomeextent在某种程度上4Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.1.metropolitanadj.oforinacapitalcity大城市的，大都会的，首府的5Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.6Howdidtheydoit?

Thesecrettoanoptimistssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhisexplanatorystyle.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.Imnogoodatthis,hesays,Ialwaysfail.Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.1.loopholen.wayofescapefromcontrol,esp.oneprovidedbycarelessandinexactwordingofarule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞2.connectionn.joiningorbeingjoined;pointwheretwothings连接；连接点；连接物Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.1.creditn.honour,approval,goodnameorreputation荣誉；赞许；好名声2.fluken.somethingresultingfromafortunateaccident;luckystroke侥幸的结果；侥幸7CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,Icantdothis.Optimiststoldthemselves,Ineedtotryadifferentapproach.8Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,saysAnderson,theydontbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.1.donatev.give（egmoney）toacharity,etc.;contribute捐赠；赠送2.prophecyn.poweroftellingwhatwillhappeninthefuture;statementthattellswhatwillhappen预言能力；预言9Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefatesplaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesntseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.1.litmusn.bluecolouring-matterthatisturnedredbyacidandthenrestoredbyalkali;materialstainedwithlitmususedasatestforacidsandalkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸2.playthingn.toy;（fig.）somebodytreatedasameretoy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物10Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustifyandsometimesthatswhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.1.breastn.eitherofthemilk-producingpartsofawoman;chest;upperfrontpartofthehumanbody乳房；胸膛；胸部eorhappenagain;berepeated再来；再发生；重复11Optimismwontcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseaseshypertension,diabetes,heartailmentsamongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.1.hypertensionn.highbloodpressure高血压2.diabetesn.diseaseofthepancreasinwhichsugarandstarchyfoodscannotbeproperlyabsorbed糖尿病3.ailmentn.illness疾病12Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimistsfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebodysnaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesnttakegoodcareofhimself.1.underminev.we