Division5.ppt

Division5.ppt

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Division5The17thcenturyWarm-up1.TelleachotherabouttheinfluenceofRenaissanceandReformationonEuropeans2.TelleachotheraboutyourunderstandingonhumanismandHamlet3.Sharethecontributionmadeinthefieldofscienceinthe17thcenturyHomeworkToknowmoreaboutthephilosophyinthe17thcenturyToextractquotesfromBaconsEssaysToknowonebookinFreachLiteraturetounderstandClassicismI.GeneralIntroductionGeneralfeaturesinthisperiod1.Thisadvancebeganinscience,inastronomy,physics,andpuremathematics.2.theoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.3.thenewscienceandphilosophygaveagreatpushtothepoliticalstruggle.II.science1.FromCopernicustoKeplerCopernicus:

thefirstEuropeanastronomertoformulateanexplicitlyheliocentricmodelofthesolarsystem.Ptolemaicsystem/GeocentricmodelWorks:

TheRevolutionoftheHeavenlyOrbsKeplerandhisthreelawsofPlanetarymotion1.Eachplanetmovesinanellipse,notaperfectcircle,withthesunatonefocus.2.eachplanetmovesmorerapidlywhennearthesunthanfatherfromit.3.amathematicalformula:

a3/T2=常量k2.GalileoGalileia:

firstonetoapplythetelescopetothestudyoftheskies.b:

TheStarryMessage.c.accelerationindynamicsthelawofinertiad:

thelawoffallingbodiesEverybody,ifleftalone,willcontinuetomoveinastraightlinewithuniformvelocity,anychange,eitherintherapidityorthedirectionofmotion,requirestobeexplainedasduetotheactionofsomeforce.Thisprincipleiscalledthelawofinertia.whenabodyisfallingfreely,itsaccelerationisconstant,exceptinsofarastheresistanceoftheairmayinterfere,andtheaccelerationisthesameforallbodies,heavyorlight,greatorsmall.Theaccelerationofafallingbodydoesnotdependonitsmass.3.SirIsaccNewton（1662-1727）A:

asamathematician,heinventedcalculus.B:

inoptics,hediscoveredthatwhitelightiscomposedofallthecolorsofthespectrum.Whitelightdispersedbyaprismintothecolorsoftheopticalspectrum.C:

inthefieldofphysics,hediscoveredthelawoftheuniversalgravitation.D:

analyticalmethodeverybodyattractseveryotherwithaforcedirectlyproportionaltotheproductoftheirmassesandinverselyproportionaltothesquareofthedistancebetweenthem.4.GottriedWilhelmVonLeibnizMonadismtheoryofpre-establishedharmony:

majorworks:

NewPhysicalHypothesis,DiscourseonMetaphysics,NewSystemofNature,NewEssaysConcerningHumanUnderstandingThemonadsaresubstantialformsofbeingwiththefollowingproperties:

theyareeternal,indecomposable,individual,subjecttotheirownlaws,un-interacting,andeachreflectingtheentireuniverseinapre-establishedharmony.Monadsarecentersofforce;substanceisforce,whilespace,matter,andmotionaremerelyphenomenal.aphilosophicaltheoryaboutcausationunderwhicheverysubstanceonlyaffectsitself,butallthesubstances（bothbodiesandminds）intheworldneverthelessseemtocausallyinteractwitheachotherbecausetheyhavebeenprogrammedbyGodinadvancetoharmonizewitheachother.Leibnizstermforthesesubstanceswaswindowlessmonads.5.InventionofnewinstrumentsMicroscopeTelescopeThermometerBarometerPendulumclock6.twomeritssharedbythegreatscientistsofthe17thcenturytheyshowedboldnessinframinghypothesis.Theyallhadimmensepatienceinobservation.III.Philosophy,PoliticsandliteratureinEngland1.FrancisBacon2.FrancisBaconwasthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland3.Thedifferencebetweenhisinductivemethodandthecontemporarysyllogism.4.GreatInstauration5.Majorworks:

TheAdvancementofLearningTheNewAtlantisTheNovumOrganumEssaysVirtueislikearichstone,bestplainset美德好比宝石，在朴素背景的衬托下反而更华丽。

Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确。

Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtitle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：

凡有所学，皆成性格Youngmenarefittertoinventthantojudge,fitterforexecutionthanforcounsel,fitterfornewprojectsthanforsettledbusiness年轻人适合发明甚于评价，适合执行而甚于决策；适合从事新项目甚于固定职业2.ThomasHobbesLeviathanA:

HobbesmaterialviewsB:

thenaturalstateofwarC:

thelawofnatureD:

thetheoryofthesocialcontractHobbesarguedthatourknowledgecomesfromexperienceandtheresnoinnatethought.Healsobelievedthatonlymaterialthingsareperceptibleandknowabletous.Heclaimedthatphilosophyisconcerningtherelationshipbetweencauseandresult.Theresnothinghappeningbyaccident,butinevitably.Astomotion,Hobbessaidthatwhenathingliesstillunlesssomethingelsestirsit,itwillliestillforever.Whenabodyisonceinmotion,itmoveseternally.“motionistogiveupapositionconstantly,whiletogetanotherone.”（运动就是物体不断地放弃一个位置，又取得另一个位置）Hobbesheldthatmenarebynatureequalinbodilyandmentalcapacities.Fromthisequalityofabilityarisesequalityofhopeintheattainingoftheirends,whilemanisdistrustful,aggressive,fierceandselfishbynature.Fromthis,heconcluded,untilsuchtimesasmenliveunderacommonpower,theyareinastateofwarwithoneanother.Thisnaturalstateofwartherefore,isthestateofaffairsinwhichtheindividualisdependentforhisownsecurityonhisownstrengthandhisownwits,andwhere“everymanisenemytoeveryman.”ThisistheanswerHobbesgivestowhypeaceisalsoexistedsincepeopleareinthenaturalstateofwar.For,bynature,menhaveth