诗歌鉴赏.docx

诗歌鉴赏.docx

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诗歌鉴赏

名词解释

American Puritanism:

Puritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytotheextremeProtestants.Inthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.Puritanismremainedthedominantculturalforceinthatareaintothe19thcentury.Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were  a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. Theystressedhardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.Theylookeduponthemselvesasachosenpeople.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.RepresentativesinthatperiodwereAnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor.

AmericanRomanticism:

Itstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass.Itwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Thewritersemphasizedindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup.Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself,andcherishedstronginterestinthenature,past,thewild,theremote,themysteriousandthestrange.Andtheystressedtheelementof“Americanness”intheirworks.BeingaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,itisalsocalledtheAmericanRenaissance.AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.

AmericanTranscendentalism美国超验主义

Asaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,TranscendentalismflourishedinNewEnglandfrom1830stotheCivilWar.Transcendentalismwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion,culture,andphilosophythatemergedinNewEngland.ItissometimescalledAmericantranscendentalismtodistinguishitfromotherusesofthewordtranscendental.TranscendentaliststooktheirideasfromtheromanticliteratureofEurope,fromneo-Platonism,fromGermanidealisticphilosophy,andfromtherevelationsofOrientalmysticism.Theybelievedinthetranscendenceofthe“oversoul”.ItsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesinEmerson,whobelievedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood,andinThoreauwhobehelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.Andthenhumanitywasgodlikeandthatevilwasnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfolly.

American Realism:

RealismhasoriginatedinFranceas,aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”inthedepictionofordinarylife.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark 

Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans, and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world” of man.  TheysoughttoportrayAmericanlifeasitreallywas,insistingthattheordinaryandthelocalwereassuitableforartisticportrayalasthemagnificentandtheremote.As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War.

American naturalism  

The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism:

 American naturalism. American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.  

Major Features:

 Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment;the universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. 

Representatives:

The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.  

诗歌鉴赏

TheWildHoneySuckle野忍冬花

ThispoemwaswrittenbyPhilipFreneauin1786.Thepoetwasinspiredbythebeautyofthewildhoneysuckle,whenwalkingatChaeleston,SouthCarolina.Itiswritteninregular6-linetetrameter（四音步）stanzas,rhyming“ababcc”,andsoundsjustlikemusic；

-ItisthebestofFreneau’spoems,thebestpoemonnaturebeforetheappearanceoftheversesofWilliamCullenBryant,WilliamWordsworth,andRalphWaldoEmerson’sTheRhodora.Figuresofspeechareusedinthispoem,suchaspersonification,parallelism,repetition,hyperboleandmetaphor,makingthispoemfullofmelody.

Thefirststanzaofthepoemtreatstheadvantagesaswellasthedisadvantagesoftheflower’smodestretirement.Thesecondstanza,inspiteofallthenauture’skindness,theflowercannotescapeitsdoom.Thebesttimeofitslifeisfading,fordeathiswaiting.Thethirdstanzarevealstheindifferenceofnature.Inthefourthstanza,thepoetseeshisfatemirroredinthatoftheflower.

Brieflyspeaking,itexpressesakeenawarenessofthelovelinessandtransienceofnature,thematteroflifeanddeathandlawofnature.

Thanatopsis死亡冥想

Thanatopsis,writtenbyWilliamCullenBryantattheageof16,isconsideredtobeamasterpieceofAmericanpoetry.ThetitleBryantchoseforthispoemisratherfitting,beingthat"thanatopsis"isthecontemplationofdeath.Thispoemiswritteninblankverse,namely,inunrhymediambicpentameter,fortheadvantagetoexpresswithmorefreedom.Brieflyspeaking,attheideaofdeath,thebeautyofnaturewillmakeapersonlesspessimistic.

ThefirststanzatellsthatanyonewhoisintunewithNaturewillbecomfortedbyNature.ThesecondstanzadescribeshowNatureisbeautifulwith"Thehills/Rock-ribbedandancientasthesun..."etc.TheendofthesecondstanzaensuresthereaderthatthedeadalonereignsupremeinNature.Thethirdstanzawarnsthereaderthatifhedoesnotliveafullandhappylife,noonewillnoticewhenheisgone.Thefourthstanzaisintendedtoendthepoemonahopefulnote:

Ifoneliveslifetoitsfullest,hemayembracedeathwithcomfortandpleasure.Hemaydiepeacefully.

Thispoemhadthreemainpointswhichitwishedtomake,thefinalonebeingthemostimportant:

1）Livelifefullyinordertodiewellandcomfortably.

2）Indeath,allarejoinedwithNatureandwitheachotherforeternity.

3）Thiscomfortandtogethernessindeathmayonlybeobtainedthroughdeath.

ToaWaterfowl

ItiswrittenbyWilliamCullenBryant,iniambictrimeterandiambicpentameter,consistingofeightstanzasoffourlines.ThepoemrepresentsearlystagesofAmericanRomanticismthroughcelebrationofNatureandGod'spresencewithinNature.BryantisacknowledgedasskillfulatdepictingAmericanscenerybuthisnaturaldetailsareoftencombinedwithauniversalmoral,asin"ToaWaterfowl".

Thispoembeginswithawaterfowlinflightandahunterbelow.Thebird'sinstinctallowsittoflytosafety.Inspiteofthedanger,hardshipsandtemptationsontheway,thebirdcontinuesitsflighttoitsdestination.Asthespeakerwatchesthebird,hepondersthemysteriesofmigration.Bryantparallelsthebird'sinstincttoa"Power."Herealizedthatthewaterfowlseemedalonealso,buthetoowasbeingguidedbythe"mysteriouspower"andtheybothwouldfindtheirway.Eventhoughhumanshavenorealinstincttoguidethemtosafety,thereisa"Power"orGodthatwillguidethemtosafety.HeissayingthatthroughoutourlifewhereverwegoGodisgoingtobewithusguidingusdowntherightpath.Thepoemis,inessence,aprofessionoffaithinGod.AsthenarratorseesGoddirectingthewaterfowl,thenarratorisremindedofGod'sguidanceinhisownlife.Throughhisobservanceinnature,thenarratorisreconnectedwithhisfaithinGod.

Thepoetusesseveralfiguresofspeechsuchasalliteration,metaphor,anaphoraandpersonification,makingthesymbolismmoreobvious.

AnnabelLee

Thenarratorwritesaboutafictionalkingdomalongtheoceanshore.Itisanidyllic,beautiful,landofenchantment–aparadiseonearth–whereheandAnnabelLeefellinloveasadolescents.Thiskingdom,whereloveruledtheirhearts,remainsdeartothememoryofthepoetafterAnnabelLeedies,forhissoulremainsunitedwithhers.

PoeusesthreeRs–rhyme,rhythm,andrepetition–in“AnnabelLee”tocreateaharmonyofsoundsthatunderscoretheexquisiteharmonyofthenarrator’srelationshipwithhisbeloved.Poerepeatsthisrhythmicpatternthroughoutthepoem,perhapstosuggesttheriseandfallofthetides.Healsorepeatskeyphrases–suchasinthiskingdombytheseaandmyAnnabelLee（ormybeautifulAnnabelLee）–tocreatehauntingrefrains.Poecarefullychosethewordsofthepoemtoevokeadreamlandorfairytaleatmosphere.Forexample,thewords“kingdom,maiden,andchild”thenleadthereaderintothenever-neverland,with“kingdom”suggestingchivalryandromance,“maiden”suggestinginnocence,and“child”suggestingthewondermentofyouth.

Thethemeofthispoemiseternallove.ThelovebetweenthenarratorandAnnabelLeeissostrongandbeautifulandpurethateventheseraphs,thehighestorderofangelsinheaven,envyit.However,theloveremainsalive–eternal–becausethesoulsoftheloversremainunited.

小说鉴赏

TheLegendofSleepyHollow《睡谷传奇》

ItwaswrittenbyWashingtonIrving,setintheDutchcultureofPost-RevolutionaryWarinNewYorkState.ItwasbasedonaGermanfolktale,whichoriginalrecordedbyKarlMusäus.ThestorytalksaboutnearSleepyHollowwasavillagecalledTarryTown.Thevillagehadasmallschool.AndIchabodCranewastheonlyteacherinit.Among