跨文化交际学考试名词解释doc.docx
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跨文化交际学考试名词解释doc
跨文化交际学考试名词解释
跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理:
Interculturalcommunication:
interculturalcommunicationisaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalback-grounds.
Intraculturalcommunication:
intraculturalcommunicationcanbedefinedastheextenttowhichthereissharedinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture–whetherthisisinthemajority.orwithinminoritycultures.
Individualism:
broadlyspeaking,individualismreferstothedoctrinetheatertheinterestsoftheindividualareofoughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals,itemphasizesindividual
initiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.
Collectivism:
itischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.peopleexpecttheirin-grouptolookafterthem,andinexchangeforthatthey
felltheyoweabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.collectivismmeansgreateremphasison
(1)theviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;
(2)socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;(3)beliefssharedwiththein-group;ratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromingroup;and(4)greatreadinesstocooperatewithingroupmembership.
Powerdistance:
it’stheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institutions,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.
Context:
it’stheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.
High-contextcommunication:
itisakindofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson;whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage,e.g.,Chinese,JapaneseLow-contextcommunication:
it’sjusttheoppositeofhigh-contextcommunication.’sitthe
massofinformationisrestedintheexplicitcode,e.g.AmericanGerman
High-contextculture:
it'sakindofcultureinwhichpeopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike,e.g.Chinese,Japanese
Low-contextculture:
it'sakindofcultureinwhichthepopulationislesshomogeneousand
thereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts,e.g.American,GermanActivityorientation:
itisthewayacultureviewsactivity,whichisclassifiedbykluckhohnsandstrodtbeckasbeing,being-in-becoming,anddoing.
Nonverbalcommunication:
nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.Paralanguage:
certainvocalcuesprovideduswithinformationwithwhichtomakejudgments
aboutcharacters’personalities’,emotionalStates,andrhetoricalactivity.Paralanguageinvolvesthelinguisticelementsofspeech,thatis,howsomethingissaidandnottheactualmeaningofthespokenwords.mostclassificationsdivideparalanguageintothree
kindsofvocalizations;vocalcharacterizers;vocalqualifiers;andvocalsegregates
M-time(monochromictimeschedule):
M-timeculturestendtothinkoftimeassomethingfixedinnature,somethingaroundusandfromwhichwecannotescape;andever-presentpartoftheenvironment,justliketheairwebreatheP-time(polychromictimeschedule):
P-timeculturesdealwithtimeholisticallyandplacegreatstockintheactivityoccurringatthemoment.Polychronictimeculturesemphasizepeoplemorethanschedules.ForP-timecultures,timeislesstangibleandhencefeeingofwastedtimearenotasprevalentasM-timecultures.
15.Denotation:
theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.
16.Connotation:
thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.
19.Chronemics(时间学):
Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.
20.Proxemics(空间学):
referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.
21.kinesics(肢体语言):
Thestudyofbodylanguage.
22.Paralanguage(副语言):
Involvingsoundsbut
notwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.
23.Monochronictime一元时间观念:
meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.
24.Polychronictime多元时间观念:
meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce
1.WhatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillageP8~9
Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:
Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovativecommunicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations
2.Whatarethethreeaspectswhereculturaldifferencesexist?
Verbaldifference:
language,thoughtpatterns
Non-verbalcommunication:
body-language,
timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage,
environment
Perception:
values,worldviews,beliefs,attitudes
3.Whatarethreeingredientsofculture?
threeIngredientsP5~6
Ansharedartifactthematerialandspiritual
productspeopleproduce
sharedBehaviorwhattheydo
sharedConceptsbeliefs,values,world
viewswhattheythink
4.HowtounderstandculturalIceberg?
P6~7Likeanicebergwhatwecanseeaboutcultureis
justthetipoftheiceberg;themajorityofitisintangible,beyondsight.andthepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.
(Justasanicebergwhichhasavisiblesectionabovethewaterlineandalargerinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterline,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedandimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,thepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(P7))
5.Whatarethetourcharacteristicsofculture?
Dynamic/shared/learned/ethnocentricCultureisshared.Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols.
Cultureislearned.Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itderivesfromone’ssocialenvironment,notfromone’sgenes.Enculturation(文化习得):
Alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturation.
Cultureisdynamic.(P6)Cultureissubjecttochange.It’sdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Acculturation(文化适应):
theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.
Cultureisethnographic(文化中心主义).
Ethnographicisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Ethnocentrism:
thebeliefthatyourownculturebackgroundis
superior.
6.Whatarethesixcharacteristicsofcommunication?
Dynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextual
Communicationisdynamic.
Communicationisongoing,ever-changingactivity.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.
Communicationisirreversible.
Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback.
Communicationissymbolic.
Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofonepersoncanbecommunicatedtoanotherperson.Communicationissystematic
Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargesystem.Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction.
Communicationistransactional.(P8)
Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyare
involvedinconversation.Communicationiscontextual.(P8)
Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.
7.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?
(三方面)P22~24
InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandis
followedbythegivenname/butinEnglishthis
orderisreversed.
Addressingbynames:
InChinaseniorityis
paidrespectto.Juniorsaresupposedtoaddress
seniorsinaproperway.Theuseofgivennames
islimitedtohusbandandwife,veryclosefriends,
juniorsbyeldersorsuperiors/Nowadays,more
andmoreEnglish-speakingpeopleaddress
othersbyusingthefirstname,evenwhenpeople
meetforthefirsttime.(intimacyandequality)
Addressingbyrelationship:
Chineseoften
extendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedby
bloodormarriage.Thesetermsareusedafter
thesurnametoshowpolitenessandrespect/TheEnglishequivalentsoftheabovekinshiptermsarenotsoused.Evenwithrelatives,Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.
Addressingbytitle,office,profession:
AnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofaperson’stitle,office,professiontoindicatetheperson’sinfluentialstatus.In
English,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(P24)Americanstendtoregardtitlesastrivialunlesstheyhaveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoesandwhathisresponsibilitiesare.
8.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?
TheChineseemployacircularapproachin
writing.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe
‘turningandturninginawideninggyre’The.circlesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavar