电子商务与国际贸易外文文献翻译.docx

电子商务与国际贸易外文文献翻译.docx

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电子商务与国际贸易外文文献翻译

文献出处：

BurinskienėA.THEAPPLICATIONOFE-COMMERCETECHNOLOGIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNATIONALTRADE[J].IntellectualEconomics,2011,5

（1）:

7–22.

原文

THEAPPLICATIONOFE-COMMERCETECHNOLOGIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNATIONALTRADE

Aurelija

VilniusGediminasTechnicalUniversity

Abstract.Thearticledisclosestheapplicationofe-commercetechnologiesforthedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.Inthispaper,theproblemsassociatedwiththeapplicationofe-commercetechnologiesininternationaltradeareanalysed.Itisidentifiedthatenterprisesinvolvedininternationaltradeareusinge-commercetechnologiesforsellingproductsindifferentmarketswhich,basedontheiropenness,areclosedandopen.Theanalysisofthebenefitsandinvestmentsisprovidedherein.Byusingthestudyresults,thecash-flowmodel,whichcanbeappliedtoevaluateefficiencywhene-commercetechnologiesareusedforthedevelopmentofinternationaltrade,isformulated.Theassessmentofpracticalapplicationofproposedcash-flowmodelispresentedinthepaperherein.

Keywords:

e-commerce,internationaltrade,efficiency,benefit,multi-periodinvestments.

Introduction

Ahugedynamismischaracteristictointernationaltrade:

itundergoesmultipleandrapidalterations,thereforeoneneedstoreactsingle-mindedlytonewchallengesandtacklemorecomplicatedproblems.Forthepastseveraldecades,bydevelopinginternationaltrade,thepossibilitiestoincreaseefficiencyhavebeenre-examined.Sincethedevelopmentlevelofinformationtechnologiesisgrowing,theneedsareperceivedinanewway,whichappearinthepracticeofe-commerce.Apparently,theimportanceofe-commercetechnologiesinthedevelopmentofinternationaltradeisimmenseandhasatendencytogrow:

undermodernglobalizationcircumstances,theapplicationofinformationandtelecommunicationtechnologieshasbecomeacrucialfactorofdevelopmentinbothinternationaltradeandeconomyingeneral.

Thereareseveralwaystodevelopinternationaltradebyapplyinge-commercetechnologies:

-AnInternetshop.Theconsumercanvisitthee-shopandchooseanitemfromawiderangeofgoods;

-AproducerontheInternet.Consumerscaneasilyfind,chooseandevenmakea“purchase-sale”dealwithadirectproduceronline.Thisencouragesmoreandmoreconsumerstobuygoodsdirectly;

-Tradewiththehelpofane-network.Moreandmorepermanentbusinesspartnersusee-networkstoreceiveorders,transferthedocumentsofpaymentandtransport.Datareceivedviae-networksareintegratedintotheinformationsystemsofenterprises.

E-commerceisdistinguishablebecauseofcertainpeculiarities:

acustomercangetpurchasesinanycountryworldwide;expenditureoftradetransactions,whenecommercetechnologiesareused,areusuallylowerthanexpenditureoftraditionaltradetransactionsduetothefactthatcostsofoperationsarelower;however,thereisagrowthofexpenditurewhichappearsasaresultofimplementationandmaintenanceofe-commercetechnologiesandgoodsdelivery.

Theabove-mentionedpeculiaritiesdeterminethate-commerceisusuallymoreefficientthancommontradeforms.Therefore,thereisademandtocreateanduseininternationaltradesuchinstrumentationfortheevaluationofefficiencyconcerningtheusageofe-commercetechnologiesthatwouldbeusedtoidentifyreasonablythosecaseswhenthetraditionaltechnologiesofinternationaltradeareworthchangingintoe-commercetechnologiesandwhene-commercecanhelptoincreasetheamountsofinternationaltrade.Decisions,whichareorientedtoefficiencyofinternationaltradeandtheincreaseofpracticecompetitionofvariouseconomysubjectsininternationaltrade,usuallyexploittheopportunitiesprovidedbye-commercetechnologies.

Inthispaper,thecomplexapplicationofe-commercetechnologiesininternationaltradeareexamined,andamodel,whichcanbeappliedtoevaluateefficiencywhene-commercetechnologiesareusedininternationaltrade,isformulated,whileempiricalassessment,whichshowsthataformulatedtheoreticalmodelcanbeapplied,isundertaken.Themethodsofcomparative,statistical,andfinancialanalysishavebeenmainlyappliedinthepaper.

E-commerceconceptionanditsrefectioninscientificworks

E-commerceconceptionanditsrefectioninscientificworks

E-commerceisthepurchaseandsaleofgoodsandservicesbyusinge-networks（openandclosee-networks）（Bidgoli,2004）.E-commerceisanactivitywhene-networksareusedinordertoreachcustomers,sellgoods,servicesandpayforthem.Suchpracticeisalsorelatedtoadvertising,purchasedelivery,etc.（Bergendahl,2005）.

Talkingaboute-commerce,M.Khosrowpour（2006）andotherauthorsusetheterm“e-commercetechnologies”;thesetechnologiesareusedduringtradetransactions.

EnterprisesexpectthatexpenditureofitemsaleontheInternetislowerthanexpenditure,whichacompanyincurssellinggoodstraditionally.Moreover,theythinkthatsaleontheInternetisdeterminedbyprice,qualityanddeliveryconditions.AccordingtoK.L.Kraemer’sdata（2006）,enterpriseswhichsellitemsontheInternetincreasetheirincome,improveclientservice,reduceexpenditureandreachahigherefficiencylevel.

E-commercecanbebasedontwomajorbusinessmodels:

-Businessmodel“businesstobusiness”;

-Businessmodel“businesstoconsumer”.

“Businesstobusiness”oftenmeanstransactionsamongcompanies.Severalmoreenterprisestradeonthebasisofsuchamodel.Thishasbeenthemostcommone-commercemodelinthewholeworldsincee-commercetechnologiesappeared.

Thebusinessmodel“businesstobusiness”alsoreflectstheformofwholesalewhengoodsareorderedonline.Duetothis,oneshouldalsohavethecustomers’database,whereinformationaboutdiscountsforeachcustomerispreserved.

E-commerceprovidesmoreopportunitiestoconducttransactionsandencouragethedevelopmentofnewformsofinternationaltrade.M.A.Hitt（2002）thinksthatthemainreasonsencouragingenterprisestodevelope-commerceareextraincome,smalleradministrationexpenditure,higheractivityefficiencyandbetterfinancialresults.

Implementationofe-commercetechnologiesgivesmanynewopportunities.However,enterpriseshavetoacceptnewchallengesofinternationaltradeandmakeappropriatedecisions.Thismeansthattheusageofe-commercetechnologiesisthemainfactor,determiningtheperspectivesofinternationaltradedevelopment.

Theconceptofinternationaltradeanditsrefectioninliterature

Internationaltradeisabroadtermandisdefineddifferentlyindifferentsources.InternationaltradebyWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）isdefinedas“theflowofgoods,carriageofgoodswithintheterritorialborders.”TheUnitedNationsOrganization（UNO）definesinternationaltradeas“theinternationalsaleofgoods.”InthedocumentsofOrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment（OECD）,internationaltradeisdefinedasimportandexportactivitiesandtheirresultsaremeasuredbyvalueofgoods,providedtootherpersons,andthevalueofgoodsreceivedfromforeignentities’shinterland.

Thesuccessfulandpurposefuldevelopmentofinternationaltradehastobebasedonsuchscientificknowledgeofcircumstancesandsuchscientifically-provedsolutions.Solutions,whichareorientedtoefficiencyofinternationaltradeandtheincreaseofpracticecompetitionofvariouseconomysubjectsininternationaltrade,usuallyexploitinoneoranotherwaytheopportunitiesprovidedbye-commercetechnologies.

Theinadequateandinappropriateusageofe-commercetechnologiesaffectsdevelopmentofinternationaltrade.Thedevelopmentofinstrumentationthatallowsevaluatingtheperspectivesandopportunitiesoftheapplicationofe-commercetechnologiesisanimportantpreconditioninthedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.

Thecomparisonofenterprisesinvolvedintrade

Ithasbeenrevealedthattheinternationaltradeturnoverofenterprisesofproductionandtradeamountsto82%ofinternationaltrade.Theanalyseofpracticeofmentionedenterprisesshowsthatproductionenterprisesaremoreactivebysellinggoodsininternationalmarketsthantradeones;thattheactivityofproductionenterprisesisimportanttoassessopportunitiesinthedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.

Thepracticeofenterpriseshasbeenexamined.Theresultsofsuchstudyshowthatenterprisespassivelyapplye-commercetechnologiesinthedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.Ithasbeenestablishedthatproductioncompaniesaremoreactivebydoingtradeinforeigncountries,tradecompanies—byapplyinge-commercetechnologiesinnationalcountry.Researchshowsthatinordertoactivatetheapplicationofe-commercetechnologiesininternationaltradeitisnecessarytoinvestintoecommercetechnologiesinanintegratedway.　ThecomparisonofUSenterpriseswhichpracticee-commerce（Aandothers）andUSenterpriseswhichareengagedintradeisalsopresented.Byusingcomparative,statisticalanalysisthecomparisonofenterprisesisperformed.Onthebasisofenterprisestherearehighlightedkeycasesdevotedtotheusageofecommercetechnologiesinenterprises.

Itisnecessarytoconsiderthatcompanieswhichengageintraditionaltradecanalsoapplyande-commercetechnologies,butasthereisaproblemtoobtainmorethoroughdata,whilecomparingmorecommondatatodescribetheabovementionedenterprisesisused（note:

assessingresearchresultsitisimportanttorememberthatinproductionenterprises—32%,inwholesaleenterprises—19.2%ofallsaleincomemakessaleincomewhengoodsareordered,usinge-commercetechnologies（itisestimatedbytheauthoronthe