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作者：

NissoCohen

TheIsraelHigh-TechIndustry-FiftyYearsofExcellence

ByNissoCohen

Israelshigh-techindustryisexperiencinganunprecedentedrateofgrowthwhichbeganintheearly1990s.Itsgrowthisevidencedbothintotalsales-1997salestotaled$7.2billion,agrowthof10.7%over1996-andinexports-$5.6billionin1997,agrowthof14.2%over1996.Thisisinacountrywithatotalpopulationoflessthansixmillion;

GDP（1996）of$92.3billion;

andexports（goodsandservices,1996）of$31.3billion.

Moreover,advancedtechnologiesdevelopedinIsraelareingreatdemand,andmanyIsraeli-developedapplicationscannowbefoundintheproductsofmulti-nationalcompaniesinthecommunications,computers,informationsystems,medicine,optics,consumergoodsandsoftwaresectors.

Origins

TheIsraelhigh-techindustrywasbornwiththeStateofIsrael.In1948,thenewly-createdIsraelDefenseForcesestablishedabranchcalledtheScienceCorps.Thecorpsdevelopednewarms,explosives,andavarietyofelectricandelectronicappliancesfortheIDF.Israelsmilitaryindustrydevelopedatarapidpace,meetingthecountrysneedsforarmamentsandtechnologieswhichitcouldnotobtainfromabroad.Duringthesameperiod,IsraeldevelopedwhatweretobecomethebestinstitutionsofeducationandscientificresearchintheMiddleEast.TheyincludetheTechnion-IsraelInstituteofTechnologyinHaifa,theWeizmannInstituteofScienceinRehovot,theHebrewUniversityinJerusalem,anduniversitiesinHaifa,BeerSheba,TelAvivandRamatGan.Intheearlysixties,Israelenteredthenuclearerawiththeestablishmentoftwonuclearresearchplants.

ThefirstIsraelicomputerwasdevelopedandassembledintheearlyfiftiesattheWeizmannInstitute.Golem（"

dummy"

）wasanall-tubecomputer,similartothefirstcomputersdevelopedintheUSintheforties.Inthelatefiftiesandearlysixties,therewerealreadyseveralmainframecomputersinIsrael,purchasedfromIBMandPhilco.Thosecomputerswereusedprimarilybygovernmentministriesandinstitutions,universitiesandanumberofbanks.Inthelatesixtiesandearlyseventies,mainframeandminicomputerspenetratedthefinancialandbusinesssectors.Duringtheeighties,manyIsraelisacquiredpersonalcomputers.

TheHigh-TechIndustry

OnefactorintheexceptionalgrowthrateinthisindustryinrecentyearsisIsraelspercentageofengineers,theworldshighest,with135engineersper10,000persons,ascomparedto85per10,000personsintheUnitedStates.AnotherfactorhasbeenthemanythousandsofskilledengineersandtechnicianswhohaveimmigratedfromtheformerSovietUnionsince1989.

Moreover,advancedtechnologiesthatwereoriginallydevelopedandutilizedformilitarypurposesarenowbeingusedfordevelopingcommercialproductsforcivilianuse.WiththedownsizingofIsraelsdefenseindustry-asa"

peacedividend"

-thousandsofskilledpersonnelhaveleftthedefenseindustrysince1988.Manyofthemwereabsorbedintothecivilianmarketplace,whileothersformedstart-upcompanieswhichlaterbecamesuccessfulhigh-techfirms.

TheongoingsuccessoftheIsraelihigh-techindustryisreflectedinthelocalandforeignstockmarkets.In1996Israelifirmsprovidedthethirdlargestnumberofinitialpurchaseofferings（IPOs）ontheNASDAQ（over-the-counterstockexchange）inNewYork,aftertheUSandCanada,andthesecondlargestnumberofIPOsontherelativelynewAIM（AlternativeInvestmentMarket）inLondon（aftertheUK）.ManyleadingAmericaninvestmenthousesandventurecapitalfundshaveestablishedapresenceinIsraelinordertosupportIsraelihigh-techfirmsandbenefitfromthecurrentboom.

Israelsleadersareproudofthecountryshigh-tech"

label"

andpromoteit.Theresultisthatthecountryisparticularlyinterestedincooperationwithforeigninvestorsinthehigh-techfields,morethanwithinvestorsinotherareas.

AuniqueIsraeliphenomenonistheofficeoftheChiefScientistattheMinistryofIndustryandTrade,whichdistributesgrantstotalingnearly$400milliontovariousR&

Dprojects.TheprojectsthatsucceedareexpectedtopayroyaltiestotheChiefScientistsofficeforanumberofyears.

DomesticTechnologicalAdvancement

IsraelhasfirmlyestablisheditselfasthemostcomputerizedcountryintheMiddleEast;

itevensurpassessomeWesternEuropeannations.In1997,morethan250,000personalcomputersweresoldinIsrael,comparedto102,000soldinEgypt（withapopulationofsome60million）andjustunder300,000inTurkey（withapopulationofsome65million）.

IsraelalsoleadstheMiddleEastwiththehighestpenetrationrateofPCsinprivatehomes.Thereisapersonalcomputerinnearlyoneoutoftwohouseholds,aratiosimilartothatoftheUnitedStates,CanadaandaveryfewEuropeanandFarEasterncountries.Inrecentyears,theeducationsystemhaspurchasedtensofthousandsofcomputersforusebystudents,fromkindergartenthroughuniversityage.

Comparedtootherso-calledhigh-tech'

tigers'

suchasKorea,MalaysiaandTaiwan,Israelisuniqueinthatitisa"

true"

high-techcountry,withahighlydevelopeddomesticmarketforcomputingandtelecommunications.Israelisalsoa"

quickadopter"

ofadvancedtechnologies.Localexpenditureoninformationtechnologyisestimatedat$2.4billionin1997,withasteadygrowthof12-15%annually.Worldwide,expenditureoninformationtechnologyreachesabout$700billion,witha

5-yearcompoundannualgrowthrateofabout10%.TelecommunicationsInfrastructure

In1984agovernment-ownedcompany-Bezeq-tookoverthetelephoneandtelecommunicationsservices,whichhadpreviouslybeensuppliedbyadepartmentoftheMinistryofCommunications.Sincethen,thetelecommunicationsinfrastructureinIsraelhasdevelopedatarapidpace,andistodayconsideredtobeoneofthemosthighlyadvancedsystemsintheregion,providingfulldigitalservicethroughoutthecountry,advanceddatacommunications,integratedservicesdigitalnetworks（ISDN）,asynchronoustransfermode（ATM）,andfiber-opticandsatelliteservices.ItisclearthatthedevelopmentoftelecommunicationsserviceshascontributedsignificantlytothedevelopmentofIsraelshigh-techindustry.

High-TechExports

Israelsfirsthigh-techexportswereproducedbydefenseindustriessuchastheIsraelAircraftIndustriesandRafael,aswellasbydefenseindustrysub-contractors.Thesefirmsproducedelectronicdefenseproductswithadvancedtechnologies,meantforusebytheIDF.

Demandfor"

proveninbattle"

productsfromIsraelledtoadevelopingexportindustryofdefense-relatedproducts.todaythisisstillarelativelylargepercentageofhigh-techexports.

StudieshaveshownthatR&

D-intensive,high-techcompanieshavebeenamajorfactorinthegrowthofexportsovertheyears,especiallyinelectronics,optics,electro-optics,lasers,computer-basedequipment,roboticsandaeronautics.

Moreover,inthelasttwodecadesIsraelidevelopmentshavecontributedsignificantlytothefollowinginformationtechnologyandtelecommunicationsindustries:

WirelessCommunications（voiceanddata）AdvancedDataCommunicationsTechnologies（ATM,IDSL,SDH）AdvancedLANTechnologies（ATM,FastEthernet,FDDI,ISDN）SatelliteVSAT（VerySmallApertureTerminal）VoiceMailandRelatedVoiceManipulationTechnologiesDSP-DigitalSignalProcessingTechnologiesandProductsEncryptionandDataSecurityAnti-VirusTechnologiesSoftwareUtilitiesforMainframeandMid-RangeComputers（includingyear2000problemsolvingutilities）DatabasesforMainframeandMid-RangeComputersInternetTechnologiesInternetProductsEducationalSoftwareandMultimediaGraphicArtsandColorPrintingTechnologiesBillingSoftwareforTelephoneandCellularOperatorsSemiconductorDevelopmentandPost-ProductionInspectionToolsCAD,CAM,andCAE.

InternationalFirmsinIsrael

Ithastakenseveralyearsforthemanagementofinternationalhigh-techfirmstodecidetoutilizeIsraelsadvantagesasanoperationsbase.Ofcourse,eventsintheMiddleEastplayadecisiveroleininternationalbusinessstrategies.ThecontinuingpeaceprocesswiththePalestinians,since1993,hasencouragedmanyinternationalfirmstoestablishoperationsand/orconductbusinessinIsrael.

TherehasbeenaUSpresenceinIsrael,though,forthreedecades.Twohigh-techgiants-IBMandMotorola-establishedlocalsubsidiariesforsalesandtechnicalsupportinthe1960s;

overtimethelocalplantsevolvedintofullresearchand

developmentfacilities.MotorolatooktheprocessonestepfurtherandestablishedoneofitslargestmanufacturingfacilitiesinArad,neartheDeadSea.Duringthelate1970sIntelCorporationbeganoperationsinIsrael.Today,IntelsactivitiesrangefromR&

D（inHaifa）towafermanufacturing（Fab8inJerusalem）;

andaplantdesignatedFab18underconstructioninKiryatGat.

Israelishighlyregardedasalocationforbranchesofforeignfirms.Benefitsincludehighly-skilledengineers,goodgeographiclocationandsometaxandcustombenefits,whichenableUSfirmstosellproductsmanufacturedinIsraeltoEuropeanmarketswithoutpayingduty.Moreover,thegovernmentofIsraelisconsideredagenerouspartnerforforeigninvestorswhoestablishoperationsinthenorthernorthesouthernpartsofthecountry.Governmentassistancecanbeintheformofacashrefundorlong-termtax-waivers.

InIsrael,thepresenceofinternationalfirmsissomewhatofacontroversy.Opponentsinlocalindustryclaimthatforeignfirmsgainresourcesasaresultoflocal"

brainpower,"

butdonotfunnelanythingbackintothelocaleconomy.Thispositionisheldbecausemostforeignfirmsdonotbuildmanufacturingfacilities,themoremassiveemployersinthelocalmarket.Still,despitethisdissentingpointofview,mostIsraeliscontinuetoconsiderthepresenceofinternationalhigh-techfirmsinIsraeltobeveryimportant.

Since1995,manyforeignfirmshaveestablishedapresenceinIsrael.Ofthese,someenteredthemarketbysettingupoperationsdirectly,whereasothersdosobyfriendlytake-overofsmallIsraelifirms.AdditionalfirmsarelistedasU.S.firms,althoughalldevelopmentandmanufacturingfacilitiesarelocatedinIsra