语用和交际练习测试题卷库与答案解析.docx

语用和交际练习测试题卷库与答案解析.docx

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语用和交际练习测试题卷库与答案解析

华中师大学网络教育学院

《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案本科

I.Answerthefollowingquestionsinyourownwords（每题2分）

1.Whatisthefunctionofcontextinunderstandingutterances?

Thefunctionofcontextinunderstandingutterancesistohelplistenerstonarrowdowntheirchoicesinunderstandingthemeaningofutterances.

2.Whatistherelationshipbetweendeixisandcontext?

Averycloserelationshipexistsbetweendeixisandcontext.

3.Whatisthegesturaluseofplacedeixis?

Iftheunderstandingofaplacedeixismustrelyongestures,thenitisthegesturaluse.

4.Howdoesconversationalimplicatureexplainlanguageintermsofmeaning?

Itexplainslanguagefromfunctional,communicativeandcontextualaspects.

5.Howmanymaximsarethereinco-operativeprinciple?

Andwhatarethey?

Four.Theyarequalitymaxim,quantitymaxim,relationmaximandmannermaxim.

6.Whoinventedtheterm“Pragmatics”?

CharlesMorris,anAmericanphilosopher

7.Whatarethethreesub-branchesofsemiotics?

Theyaresyntactics,semanticsandpragmatics

8.WhatisCarnap’sunderstandingof“Pragmatics”?

BasicallyCarnapunderstandsPragmaticsaswhatMorrishaspointedout,butspecificallyspeaking,CarnapthinksthatPragmaticsshouldstudyindexicalsinlanguage.

9.WhatistheadvantageofstudyingPragmatics?

Oneadvantageofstudyinglanguagethroughpragmaticsisthatwecantalkaboutpeople’sintendedmeanings,theirassumptions,theirpurposesorgoals,andallkindsofactions（forexample,requests）thattheyareperformingwhentheyspeak.

10.IsgrammaticalmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure?

PragmaticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure.

11.Whypragmatistsstudymotionverbunderplacedeixis?

Becausemotionverbscontainakindofbuilt-indirection

12.Whydon’tpeoplesaywhattheymeanincommunication?

Becausetheywanttobeco-operative,politeandsavetheirownandother’sface.

13.WhatdoesCPstandforinPragmatics?

InPragmatics,CPstandsforco-operativeprinciple.

14.Whatispositiveface?

Positivefaceistheneedtobelikedbyothers,ortheneedtobeacceptedandtreatedassocialequals.

15.Whatisonrecord?

Onrecordisatechnicalterm,referringtoutterancesnotdirectlyaddressedtoothers.

16.WhatisthedisadvantageofstudyingPragmatics?

Onebigdisadvantageofpragmaticstudyisthatalltheseconceptsrelatedtohumanbeingsareextremelydifficulttoanalyzeinaconsistentandobjectiveway.

17.IssemanticmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure?

No.SemanticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure.

18.Whatarethepossibleinterpretationsofthephrase“Jane’scar”?

PossibleinterpretationsarethecarownedbyJane,thecarkeptbyJane,thecarrentedbyJaneetc.

19.Istimepartofcontext?

Yes.Timeispartofcontext

20.Whatisthegeneralroleofpersonaldeixisincommunication?

Itsroleistoindicatewhoparticipatesincommunication

21.IsgrammaticalmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure?

PragmaticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure

22.Whatistheroleofcontextinunderstandingutterances?

Theroleofcontextinunderstandingutterancesistohelplistenerstonarrowdowntheirchoicesinunderstanding.

23.Whatkindofrelationshipexistsbetweendeixisandcontext?

Averycloserelationshipexistsbetweendeixisandcontext.

24.Howdoyouunderstandgesturaluseofplacedeixis?

Iftheunderstandingofaplacedeixismustrelyongestures,thenitisthegesturaluse

25.Howdoesconversationalimplicatureexplainlanguageintermsofmeaning?

Itexplainslanguagefromfunctional,communicativeandcontextualaspects.

II.Explainthefollowingtermsbriefly.（每题4分）

1.inference

2.linguisticcontext

3.Pragmatics

4.appropriacy

5.indirectmeaning

6.politeness

7.facewants

8.non-linguisticcontext

9.deixis

10.conversationalimplicature

11.context

12.co-operativeprinciple

13.presupposition

14.calendricuseoftimedeixis

答案：

1.Inferencemeansthatweofteninferormakeguessesastowhatthespeakerintendstomeanwhenhesayssomething?

2.Itreferstothelanguagethatsurroundsoraccompaniesapieceofutteranceordiscourseunderanalysis.

3.Pragmaticsstudiesthefactorsthatgovernourchoiceoflanguageinsocialinteractionandtheeffectsofourchoiceonothers.

4.Appropriacymeansthatpeopleshouldsaytherightthingtotherightpersonwiththerightmannerattherightplaceandintherightsituation.

5.Indirectmeaningisthemeaningthatpeopleintendtoconvey.Itisalsotermedasthecommunicativemeaningorcontextualmeaning.

6.Politenessisshowingawarenessofother’spublicself-image.Usuallypolitenesscanbeunderstoodasvariousmeansthatpeopleuseineithersituationsofsocialclosenessorsituationsofsocialdistance.

7.Facewantsrefertoone’sfaceexpectations.Normallypeopleexpectthatotherswillrespecttheirfaceincommunication.

8.Non-linguisticcontextreferstothetypeofcommunicativeevent（forexample,joke,story,lecture,greeting,conversation）;thetopic;thepurposeoftheevent;thesettingincludinglocationofday,timeandphysicalaspectsofthesituation;theparticipantsandtherelationshipsbetweenthem;thebackgroundknowledgeetc.

9.Deixisisagroupofwordsindicatingperson,time,place,etc.ItisoriginatedfromaGreekverb,meaning“point”,“show”and“indicate”inEnglish.

10．Conversationalimplicatureisthemeaningimpliedinaconversation.Usuallyitindicatesthespeaker’scommunicativepurpose.

11.Contextcanbesubdividedintolinguisticcontextandnon-linguisticcontext.Theformerreferstothelanguagethatsurroundsoraccompaniesapieceofutteranceordiscourseunderanalysis,itreferstothelinguisticelementsthatarearoundanutterance.Thelatterincludes:

thetypeofcommunicativeevent（forexample,joke,story,lecture,greeting,conversation）;thetopic;thepurposeoftheevent;thesettingincludinglocationofday,timeandphysicalaspectsofthesituation;theparticipantsandtherelationshipsbetweenthem;thebackgroundknowledgeetc.

12.Traditionally,peopledatetheinventionoftheco-operativeprinciplebacktotheworkoftheAmericanphilosophernamedH.PaulGrice.Theprincipleincludes:

TheMaximofQuality

trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue,specifically:

a）donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse

b）donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence

TheMaximofQuantity

a）makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange

b）donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired

TheMaximofRelevance

makeyourcontributionsrelevant

TheMaximofManner

beperspicuous,andspecifically

a）avoidobscurity

b）avoidambiguity

c）bebrief

d）beorderly

Inshort,thesemaximsspecifywhatparticipantshavetodoinordertoconductcommunicationinamaximallyefficient,rational,co-operativeway.Todoso,theyshouldspeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation.

13.Bypresupposition,werefertoameaningtakenasgivenwhichdoesnotthereforeneedtobeasserted.Ithasbeenvariouslydefinedas“semanticpresupposition”（non-defeasible,contributestothetruth-conditionalmeaningofthesentence）,and“pragmaticpresupposition”（cancellablewhileinconsistentwithspeaker/hearerknowledgeabouttheworld）.PragmaticPresuppositioncanbeunderstoodasanothertypeofpragmaticinference。

14.Generallyspeaking,mostlanguageshaveabasicsystemofreckoningandmeasuringtimethroughnaturalcyclesofdayandnight,lunarmonths,seasonsandyears.Thisisthecalendricuseoftimeunits.Suchtimeunitscanbeusedcalendricallytolocateeventsin‘absolute’timerelativeto‘absolute’timeorigin.Forsuchcalendrictimeunits,therearefixedbeginningandending.Forexample,acalendaryearismadeupbycalendarmonthsfromJanuary,February,March,April,May…toDecemberwhileacalendarmonth,March,forexample,consistsofcalendardayslikeMarch1,March2,3untilthelastdayofthatmonth.Foracalendaryear,thebeginningisalwaysfixedonJanuaryandtheendingonDecember.Andforacalendarmonth,thebeginningisalwaysthefirstdayofthatmonthwhiletheendingisalwaysthelastdayofthatmonth.

III.

A．Identifythesymbolic,gestural,andnon-deicticusesofthesecondpersonalpronoun‘you’inthefollowingthreecases.（每题2分）

1.Youneverknowwhethertoreadeverychapterorskiponeortwo.

2.Iknowyouwillallenjoyreadingthischapter.

3.Youhavetoreaditandyouhavetoreaditandyouhavetoreadit.

1、Non-deictic2.Symbolic3.Gestural

B．Pleaseidentifythesymbolic,gestural,andnon-deicticusesofthetimedeixis“now”inthefollowingthreecases.（每题2分）

4.IknowmoreaboutPragmaticsnowthanbefore.

5.Nowthatwasn’tverynice.

6.Areyouready?

Waitforit!

Waitforit!

NOW（Herethespeakerisusingarising-fallingintonationtoshowstress.）

1、symbolic2.non-deictic3.gestural

C．Pleaseidentifythesymbolic,gestural,andnon-deicticusesofthedemonstrativepronoun“this”inthefollowingthreecases.（每题2分）

1.Ibetyouweren’texpectingthisexample.

2.Andthenthisstrangeguywalksinandvomits.

3.Whichfingerdidhebite?

/Thislittlefingerontheright?

1.symbolic2.non-deictic3.gestural

IV.Dothefollowingexchangesviolateanymaximsundertheco-operativeprinciple?

If‘yes’,pointoutwhichmaximisbeingflouted.（每题2分）

1.Johnny:

HeySallylet’splaymarbles.

Mum:

HowisyourhomeworkgettingalongJohnny?

Yes.Itviolatedthemaximofrelation.

2.A:

Ihopeyouboughtbreadandcheese.

B:

Ah,Iboughtthebread.

Yes.Itviolatedthemaximofquantity.

3.A:

Whoa!

Hasyourbossgonecrazy?

B:

Let’sgoandgetsometea.

Yes.Itviolate