全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案解析.docx

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案解析.docx

《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案解析.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案解析.docx（30页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案解析

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语

（一）试题及答案解析

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语

（一）试题

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（20

points）

Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition

__1__manyworthwhilethings:

childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother

hand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__.

__4__,whydowetrustatall?

Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__people

placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease

oxytocin,ahormonethat__6__peasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe

herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__withoneanother.

Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusina

trusting__9__:

InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothe

nosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantly

higheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__who

inhaledsomethingelse.

__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__

us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan

differentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers

wereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester

wouldask,"What'sinhere?

"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,

andexclaiming,"Wow!

"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook__15__.

Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwas

empty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them.

Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__

tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat

theytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired

withthe"__20__"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from

2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest

3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price

4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again

5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When

6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintains

7.A.consultB.competeC.connectD.compare

8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to

9.A.contextB.moodC.periodD.circle

10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters

11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic

12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight

13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over

14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted

15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside

16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered

17.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked

18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled

19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance

20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitable

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.（40points）

Text1

Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat

willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:

What

happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat

highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,

withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs

likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-class

occupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have

arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill

befine.

Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological

upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution

didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized

looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs

thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost

productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers

fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers

mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.

Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe

SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.

Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocus

lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex

communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering

problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.

Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra

trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenew

skillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.

Thechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedforthe

U.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:

Startingnewcompanies

mustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,

entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine

laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality

haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill

inventthem.

Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween

capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe

rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies

suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:

Thiswould

boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and

reduceinequality.

Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext

fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand

careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecoming

forourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbe

indispensable.

21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

A.Leadingpoliticians.

B.Low-wagelaborers.

C.Robotowners.

D.Middle-classworkers.

22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?

A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.

B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.

C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.

D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.

23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasis

on________.

A.creativepotential

B.job-huntingskills

C.individualneeds

D.cooperativespirit

24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat________.

A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation

B.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment

C.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor

D.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening

25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith________.

A.opposingviewsonit

B.possiblesolutionstoit

C.itsalarmingimpacts

D.itsmajorvariations

Text2

AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof

youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.The

implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe

filteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.

MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas

distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir

medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016

presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter

usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,according

totheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNews

found44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthe

mediagiant.

Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmore

skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnight

Foundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24

foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-check

sourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythose

thatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof

personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingout

opposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded.

Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014survey

conductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof

Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedia

ledtogreaterpoliticalengagement.

Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately

andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa

projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore

consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna

researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefake

newsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesor

factualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews

liesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia.

Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart

oftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin

counteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna

Group.

Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,they

revealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoiceson

whentoshareonsocialmedia.

26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscast

doubtson________.

A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice

B.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms

C.theadministration’sabilitytohandleinformation

D.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews

27.Thephrase"beerup"（Line2,Para.2）isclosestinmeaning

to________.

A.sharpen

B.define

C.boast

D.share

28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople________.

A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace

B.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources

C.haveastrongsenseofresponsibility

D.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust"

29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblem

is________.

A.readersoutdatedvalues

B.journalists'biasedreporting

C.readers'misinterpretation

D.journalists'made-upstories

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

B.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

C.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia

D.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests

Text3

Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetween

Britain'sNationalHealthService（NHS）andDeepMindmuststartby

acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading

artificialintelligence（AI）companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthis

workappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther

concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackground

thattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher

damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,

whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin

2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccount

ofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.

DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendedits

ways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheNHS

andDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatal