全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案解析.docx

1、全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,itsanecessarycondition_1_manyworthwhilethings:childca

2、re,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour_2_,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh_3_._4_,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood._5_peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat_6_peasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto_7_with

3、oneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure_8_thishormoneputsusinatrusting_9_:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir_10_whoinhaledsomethingelse._11_forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishon

4、estythatmay_12_us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate_13_acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach_14_toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,Whatsinhere?beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,Wow!Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook

5、_15_.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf_16_thecontainerwasemptyandrealizedthetesterhad_17_them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere_18_tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership._19_,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe_20_testerparticipatedin

6、afollow-upactivity.1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintains7.A.consultB.competeC.connectD.compare8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to9.A.contextB.moodC.perio

7、dD.circle10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered17.A.betraye

8、dB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitableSectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswer

9、sontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Dontdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordst

10、udy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredontappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupationstrucking,financialadvice,softwareengineeringhavearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisnttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechn

11、ologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidntgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreewor

12、kersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculumsfromgrammarschooltocollegeshouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativity

13、andcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.T

14、hechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaventbeen

15、inventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,e

16、ncouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbei

17、ndispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthorsview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimistsopinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationnee

18、dtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison_.A.creativepotentialB.job-huntingskillsC.individualneedsD.cooperativespirit24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat_.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomationB.increasingthereturnoncapi

19、talinvestmentC.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoorD.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith_.A.opposingviewsonitB.possiblesolutionstoitC.itsalarmingimpactsD.itsmajorvariationsText2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofP

20、residentTrumpsuseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,notapresidentssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrend

21、isbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredi

22、gitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyusedistributedtrusttoverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesespeciallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.Manyyoungpe

23、opleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeoplesrelianceonsocialmediale

24、dtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAm

25、ericansforthefakenewsphenomenonisreadererror,moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesinmisinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnewsviasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalr

26、esponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskillsandintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson_.A.thejusti

27、ficationofthenews-filteringpracticeB.peoplespreferenceforsocialmediaplatformsC.theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformationD.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews27.Thephrasebeerup(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto_.A.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople_.A.

28、tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspaceB.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresourcesC.haveastrongsenseofresponsibilityD.liketoexchangeviewsondistributedtrust29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis_.A.readersoutdatedvaluesB.journalistsbiasedreportingC.readersmisinterpretationD.journalist

29、smade-upstories30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineB.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendC.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMediaD.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterestsText3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetween

30、BritainsNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackgro

31、undthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatientsrightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.FurtherarrangementsandtheremaybemanybetweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatal