应用语言学研究.docx

应用语言学研究.docx

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应用语言学研究

AppliedLinguistics（1-3）

Coursedescription

Appliedlinguistics（AL）addressesreal-worldproblemsinwhichlanguageisacentralissuebymediatingbetweentheoryandpractice.Aslanguagepervadesreal-worldeventsandactivities,thefieldhasanextensivecoverage.Anysinglecoursehastobeselectiveintopicstobeincluded.

ThefocusofthecourseisconceivedwithspecialconsiderationofChina’slanguageeducationneedsinhermodernizationprocessandagainstaworld-widecongenial[kən'dʒi:

njəl]一致的researchclimateinthefield.Startingwithabriefoverviewofthefield,thecoursefocusesonkeyissuesinsecondlanguageeducation,drawingontheoreticalperspectivesandresearchfindingsinlanguageandlinguistics,cognitivepsychologyandpsycholinguisticsstudies,andeducation.Toaccommodate适应possiblebroadneeds,thecoursemayalsotouchuponselectedtopicsofcurrentconcern.

Theobjectivesofthecourseinclude1）tofamiliarizetheparticipantswiththenature,scope,principlesandpracticeinappliedlinguisticresearch;2）todevelopacriticalstancetodiscussionsconcernedinselectedliterature,especiallyagainstEnglishlanguageeducationinChina;3）tohelptheparticipantslayafoundationinconductingresearchinappliedlinguistics.

Topicstodealwithinthiscourse

Partone:

Anoverviewofappliedlinguistics

1.Introduction--Thebasicconceptionsofappliedlinguistics

2.Thefieldsofappliedlinguistics

3.Thedevelopmentappliedlinguistics

Parttwo:

descriptionoflanguageandlanguageuse

4.Grammar

5.Vocabulary

6.Discourseanalysis

7.Corpuslinguistics

Partthree:

Therelationshipbetweenappliedlinguisticsandotherstudies

8.Appliedlinguisticsandlanguage

9.Appliedlinguisticsandlinguistics

10.Appliedlinguisticsandsecondlanguageacquisition

11.Appliedlinguisticsandpsycholinguistics

Partfour:

Essentialareasofenquiryinappliedlinguistics（主要研究领域）

12.Secondlanguageacquisition

13.Psycholinguistics

14.Sociolinguistics

15.Focusonthelanguagelearner:

Motivation,styleandstrategies

Partfive:

Languageskillsandassessment

16.Secondlanguagepedagogy:

Apostmethodperspective

17.Theteachingofthefourskills

18.Thehistoryoflanguagetestingdevelopment—theapproachestolanguagetesting

19.Theclassificationandfeaturesofgoodlanguagetests

20.iDrawinguptestspecifications

21.Thetestingofgrammarandvocabulary

22.Thetestingoflisteningandreadingskills

23.Thetestingofspeakingandwritingskills

24.Interpretingandusingtestresults

25.Formativeassessment

References

1.Bell,RogerT.1981.AnIntroductiontoAppliedLinguistics（ApproachesandmethodsinLanguageTeaching）.London:

BatsfordAcademicandEducationalLtd.

2.Davies,A.&Elder,C（eds）.2005.Thehandbookofappliedlinguistics.London:

Blackwell.

3.Els,vanTheo.1984.AppliedLinguisticsandtheLearningandTeachingofForeignLanguages.London:

EdwardArnoldLtd

4.McCarthy,Michael.2001.Issuesinappliedlinguistics.Cambridge:

CambridgeUniversityPress

5.JiaGuanjie（贾冠杰）.AppliedLinguistics:

AnAdvancedCourse.Shanghai:

ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress

6.蔡金亭，何英玉.2004.AppliedLinguistics.Shanghai:

ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress

7.Heaton,J.B.2000.WritingEnglishLanguageTests.Beijing:

ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress

8.Hughes,A.2000.TestingforLanguageTeachers.Beijing:

ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress

9.韩美竹2007.AnIntroductiontoEnglishLanguageTesting.北京：

中国书籍出版社

10.Schmitt,N.（ed）.2002/2008.Anintroductiontoappliedlinguistics.London:

EdwardArnold/世界图书出版公司。

（Anaccessibleintroductiontothefieldbyateamofleadingspecialistsinrespectiveareascovered）

Journals:

AppliedLinguistics

InternationalJournalofAppliedlinguistics

AnnualReviewofAppliedlinguistics

ModernLanguageJournal

TESOLQuarterly

LanguageLearning

外语教学与研究

中国外语、中国外语教育

现代外语、外语界

外语教学理论与实践

外语与外语教学、外语研究等

Partone:

Anoverviewofappliedlinguistics

1.Introduction:

Thebasicconceptionsofappliedlinguistics

WhatisAppliedLinguistics?

‘Appliedlinguistics’isusingwhatweknowabout

a）language,

b）howitislearnedand

c）howitisused,inordertoachievesomepurposeorsolvesomeproblemintherealworld.Thosepurposesaremanyandvaried,asisevidentinadefinitiongivenbyWilkins（1999:

7）:

Inabroadsense,appliedlinguisticsisconcernedwithincreasingunderstandingoftheroleoflanguageinhumanaffairsandtherebywithprovidingtheknowledgenecessaryforthosewhoareresponsiblefortakinglanguage-relateddecisionswhethertheneedforthesearisesintheclassroom,theworkplace,thelawcourt,orthelaboratory.

Appliedlinguisticsisanew,independentandinterdisciplinarysciencewithitsowntheories,principlesandresearchmethods.Aconsensus[kən'sensəs]一致hasemergedregardingsomeaspectsofappliedlinguistics,tothedegreethatthetermappliedlinguisticscanbeappliedbothinnarrow,technicalsenseandinabroad,generalsense.Butlinguistsdisagreeaboutmanyotheraspectsofthefield,includingthetheoriesofappliedlinguistics:

somesaythatappliedlinguisticsisonlytheapplicationoftheexistingdisciplineoflinguistics,whileotherssaythatappliedlinguisticsdoeshaveitsowntheoreticalapproaches.Therefore,thefirstissuethiscoursewillexamineinthe1stpartistodiscussthedefinitionandthefieldsofappliedlinguistics.

Itisverydifficultforlinguistsandappliedlinguiststobeinagreementabouttheexactdefinitionofappliedlinguistics,somedefinitionsfocusingonboththeoryandpractice,whileothersonlyonpractice.Defining“appliedlinguistics’hasalwaysbeendifficult（CookandSeidlhofer,1995）.Manyresearchershavewrittenatlengthonwhattheterm‘appliedlinguistics’means.Thisfactalongcouldbetakentodemonstratethatapurelysemanticdefinitionofthefieldwillfail;ifthefieldindeedwerewhatthecombinationofthewords‘applied’and‘linguistics’means,thentheterminologicalproblemwouldhavebeensolvedalongtimeago.Inallappliedsciencestheaimistoachieveorhelptoachievegoalswhichareoutsidetheactualrealmofthesciencesthemselves.Appliedlinguisticsis,therefore,notthesameaslinguistics;neitherisitasubsectionoflinguistics.Inthissectionsomeresearcher’sdefinitionarediscussed.ThetermcanbeseenfromthefollowingdefinitionbyCorder（1974:

5）:

Appliedlinguisticsistheutilizationoftheknowledgeaboutthenatureoflanguageachievedbylinguisticresearchfortheimprovementoftheefficiencyofsomepracticaltaskinwhichlanguageisacentralcomponent.

J.BaudouindeCourtenayproposedtheterm“appliedlinguistics’in1970.Accordingtothe“RecommendationforGoodPractice”publishedbytheBritishAssociationofAppliedLinguisticsin1994,

“Appliedlinguisticsisbothanapproachtounderstandinglanguageissuesintherealworld,drawingon（use）theoryandempiricalanalysis,andaninterdisciplinaryareaofstudy,inwhichlinguisticsiscombinedwithissues,methodsandperspectivesdrawn（gained）fromotherdisciplines.

Inthecourseoftheirwork,whichincludesteaching,research,administration,andconsultancy[kən'sʌltənsi]顾问工作,appliedlinguistsoftenfaceavarietyofconflictinginterestsandcompetingobligations（duty）.Thissectionaimstoassistappliedlinguistsintheirawarenessandresponsetothesedilemmasandthechoicestheyneedtomake.

Anotherdescriptiondefinesthefieldassimplythepracticalextensionofpurelinguisticstovariousapplications:

“Appliedlinguisticsisthedisciplineofapplyinglinguistictheorytopracticalfields.Thefindingsofpurelinguists,sociolinguistsandpsycholinguistscanbepracticallyappliedto,amongotherthings,speechtherapy语言障碍矫正；言语治疗,literarycriticism,computertechnology,lexicography词典编纂andtheteachingoflanguages”（HuangCidong,1988）.

Similarly,theUniversityofMelbourne’sdefinitionstressespracticalfunctionsratherthanscholarshiportheory:

Appliedlinguisticsisconcernedwithpracticalissuesinvolvinglanguageinthelifeofthecommunity.Themostimportantoftheseisthelearningofsecondorforeignlanguages.Othersincludelanguagepolicy,multilingualism多语制,官方多语言主义,languageeducation,thepreservationandrevivalofendangeredlanguages,andtheassessmentandtreatmentoflanguagedifficulties.

Whenaskedthequestionwhytostudyappliedlinguistics,somelinguistsgivetheanswer:

Appliedlinguisticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofresearchandinstructionwhichintegratesideasfromlinguistics,psychology,sociology,anthropology,education,andlanguagesintoadistinctfieldfocusingonthelearningandteachingofsecondlanguages.Appliedlinguistsexamineandworkontheissuesinvolvedintheteachingandlearningofasecond/foreignlanguage.

DaiWeidong,etal.（2002）claimthat

“inanarrowsenseappliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignlanguage”.

“Appliedlinguistics,inanarrowsense,hasitsownspecificmeaning,whichreferstolanguageteaching,especially,tosecondlanguageteachingorforeignlanguageteaching.”（Gui,1985）.ProfessorGuioffersseveraldifferentdefinitionsofappliedlinguisticsinhislecturenotes:

“Macro-appliedlinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguageandlinguisticsinrelationtopracticalproblems.”

“Micro-appliedlinguistics:

Thestudyofsecondandforeignlanguagelearningandteaching（Richards,etal,1985）.

Appliedlinguisticsisthestudyofsecondandforeignlanguagelearningandteaching;andthestudyoflanguageandlinguisticsinre