应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译.docx
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应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译
Unit1TheRootsofChemistry
I. Comprehension.
1。
C2.B3.D4.C 5. B
II。
Makeasentenceoutofeachitembyrearrangingthewordsinbrackets.
1.Thepurificationofanorganiccompound isusuallyamatter ofconsiderable difficulty,and itisnecessarytoemployvariousmethodsforthispurpose。
2.Scienceis anever-increasingbodyof accumulatedandsystematizedknowledgeandisalso anactivity bywhich knowledgeisgenerated。
3.Life,afterall,isonlychemistry, infact,a small exampleofchemistryobservedonasinglemundaneplanet。
4.People aremadeofmolecules;someofthemoleculesinpeople are rathersimple whereasothersarehighlycomplex。
5.Chemistryisever present inourlives frombirthtodeath because withoutchemistrythere isneitherlife nor death.
6.Mathematicsappearstobealmost ashumankindandalsopermeatesallaspectsofhuman life,althoughmanyofusarenotfullyaware of this.
III。
Translation.
1.(a) chemicalprocess (b)naturalscience (c)thetechnique ofdistillation
2.Itisthe atomsthatmakeup iron,water,oxygenandthe like/andsoon/andsoforth/andotherwise.
3.Chemistry hasavery long history,in fact,humanactivity in chemistrygoes backtoprerecordedtimes/predatingrecordedtimes.
4.According to/Fromtheevaporationofwater,peopleknow/realizedthatliquidscanturn/be/change intogasesunder certainconditions/circumstance/environment。
5.Youmustknowthepropertiesof the materialbeforeyouuseit.
IV.Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来,化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。
人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢.这三步是:
(I)物理进化(化学元素的产生),(II)化学进化(分子和生物分子的形成);和(III)生物进化(有机物的形成和发展)。
V. Solution:
(1)Therelativemassof1H and12Catomscanbecalculatedfrom theirabsolutemassesingrams.
Ifthemass ofa12Catomis exactly12amu,then the massofa 1Hatom tofivesignificant figuresmustbe1.0078amu.
12 amux0.083986=1.0078amu
(2)
Firstwecalculatekand thenusethefirst-orderrateequation.
The bonewastossed away(more precisely,the animal whose bonewasdied)about6100yearsago,orabout4100B。
C.We canthusbesurethata villagewasinexistence atthatplaceatthattime。
Unit 7The Nomenclature of InorganicSubstances
I. Comprehension
1.A2.B3。
C 4.C 5.B
II。
Givethesystematic name forthefollowing
ammoniumion; copper(
)ion; strontiumion;
Ccopper(I)ion;iron(II)ion; zincion;
hydrogen ion; lead((II)ion; aluminum;
silverion; magnesium ion;chromium(
)ion;
Barium ; Manganese(
)ion;iron(
)ion;
calciumion; mercury(
) ion;
chromium(
)ion;tin(
)ion。
carbon monoxide;ditrogen trioxide;
carbon dioxide; diphosphoruspentoxide;
sulfur trioxide; dichlorineheptoxide
arsenateion; sulfiteion; hydride ion;
arseniteion; bromideion; hydroxideion;
phosphateion; chlorateion; hypochloriteion;
phosphateion; chlorideion; iodateion;
carbonateion; chlorite ion; nitrateion;
chromate ion; cyanideion; iodideion;
dichromate ion;fluorideion; nitrateion;
oxideion; hydrogencarbonate ion; nitriteion;
sulfide ion; hydrogensulfate ion;perchlorateion;
sulfateion; hydrogensulfite ion;permanganate ion.
III。
Completethetable.
Formula
Old name
Systematic name
FeO
iron(
)oxide
Fe2O3
iron(III)oxide
Sn(OH)2
tin(
)hydroxide
Sn(OH)4
tin(IV)hydroxide
Hg2SO4
mercury(I)sulfate
HgSO4
mercury (
)sulfate
NaCLO
sodium hypochlorite
K2Cr2O7
potassiumdichromate
Cu3(AsO4)2
copper(
)arsenate
Cr(C2H3O2)3
chromium(
)acetate
IV。
Acid namesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfrom its acid ion by changing thename oftheacidion(negativeion). Use theruletogivethenameofthefollowingacid。
Formulaofacid
Oldname
Name of acid
H2CO3
carbonicacid
HClO2
chlorousacid
HClO4
perchloricacid
HCN
hydrocyanicacid
HBr
hydrobromic acid
H4SiO4
silicicacid
H3AsO4
arsenicacid
V。
Complete the sentenceswiththeproper formofthe word given at theendofthesentence。
1.isaltered; 2。
To illustrate 3。
indicates4.shouldexpect 5.wouldcancel
6。
are pulled 7。
dependon8。
are; referred9.formed10。
have discussed
VI.Translation
1.Mattercan neitherbecreated norbedestroyed/eliminated.
2。
It isnecessary thatascientistmustknow howtouse fingurestogetan accutateanswertoquestion.
3。
Anysubstance ismadeofatomswhetherit issolid,liquidor gas.
4. Theexperimentwassuccessful.It’sresultswasthesameas whatwehad expected.
5。
It willnotbelongbeforewefinishtheexperiment.
VII.Writeequations forthe followingacid—basereactions.Use theinformationininorganictextbooktopredictwhethertheequilibriumwillfavorthereactantsortheproducts。
(Partially Solved)
Solutinto(a):
Cyanideistheconjugatebase ofHCN。
Itcanacceptaprotonfrom formicacid:
Reading frominorganic textbook,formicacid(pKa=3。
76)isastrongeracid thanHCN(pKa=9。
22), andcyanide isastrongerbase thanformate.Theproducts (weakeracidandbase)arefavored.
…………..
VIII。
Writeequationsfor thenetreactionswhich occurwhen the followingmaterials areaddedtoa sodium-ammonia solution.
Answer:
(1) 2CH3GeH3+2eam-→H2+ 2CH3GeH2-
(2)I2 +2eam—→ 2I-
(3)(C2H5)2S+ 2eam- +NH3→ C2H5S—+ C2H6 + NH2—
Unit10 NomenclatureofHydrocarbons
I。
Comprehension
1。
C 2.D 3。
B4.A5。
B6.B
II. Namethe following compoundsby theIUPACsystem
1
CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2,3,4, 6,respectively)
butane, pentane, hexane,octane
2
(CH3)2—CH2-CH2-CH2—CH3
2—methylpentane
3
(CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3
4-ethyl-2,2—dimethylhexane
4
(CH3)2CH—CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)—CH(CH3)2
5—isopropyl-2—methyloctane
5
CH3—CH2—CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2—CH(CH3)2
4-isopropyl-4—propylheptane
6
◇-CH2—CH(CH3)2
isobutylcyclobutane
7
CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2)
2-ethyl—3—methyl-1—butene
8
CH3—CH2-CH=CH—CHCl—CH3
2-chloro-3—hexene
9
CH3—CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)—C≡C-CH3
4—ethyl—5-methyl-2-hexyne
10
CH2=CH-C≡CH
1—buten-3—yne
11
(CH3)2CH—CH2CH(OH)CH3
4—methyl—2-pentanol
12
CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3
3-hexen-2—ol
13
(CH3)3C-OH
2-methyl-2-propanol
14
(CH3)3C-OCH2H5
2-ethoxy-2—methylpropane
15
(CH3)2CH-CH2—O—C2H5
1-ethoxy—2—methylpropane
16
(CH2OH)2
1,2—ethanediol
17
CH3-CH(OH)—CH2(OH)
1,2—proanediol
18
CH2(OH)-CH(OH)—CH2(OH)
1,2,3—propanetriol
19
CH3CH2NH2
aminoethane
20
CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3
N—methyl-1—amino-2-methylpentane
III.Drawstructuresforthe followingcompounds。
1
3-octene
C-C—C=C-C-C—C-C
2
3—methy-2—heptene
3
cyclohexene
4
2—pentyne
C-C≡C-C—C
5
3,3—dimethylhexyne
6
3—bromotoluene
7
vinylchloride
C=C—Cl
8
acetylene
C≡C
9
para-dichlorobenzene
10
m-chlorobromobenzene
11
toluene
12
chlorobenzene
13
1,2—dibromobenzene
14
naphthalene
15
anthracene
16
phenanthrene
17
2-methyl—1—propanol
18
Cyclohexanol
19
Methoxyethene
20
trans—2—ethoxycyclohexanol
IV.Decidewhichitembestcompleteseach unfinishedsentence。
1.A 2.A 3。
B4.C
V。
Eachofthefollowing namesisincorrect. Drawthe structurerepresentedbythe incorrect name(ora consistentstructure ifthe nameisambiguous), and giveyourdrawing thecorrectname。
(…………)
Unit11CarboxylicAcidsandTheirDerivatives
I。
Comprehension
1。
B 2。
B 3.C4。
D 5.A6。
C
II。
Fillinthe blankswiththe phrases givenbelow。
1.brought out 2.dozenorso;puttogether3。
are madeof;dividedby4.aredifferentfrom5。
onthe contrary;consistof 6.summed up 7。
standfor 8。
suchas 9。
are;dependenton 10.breakdowninto
III。
Putinproperprepositionsoradverbs intothe blanks.
1.with;as 2.to 3。
about 4。
from 5。
into
IV.Translation
1.Similarly,solvent also maynotbe liquidmatterbutthe others
2。
A graph plotting solubilityagainst temperature iscalled asolubilitycurve.
( The curveplot drawn(made /produced)by solubilityasonecoordinateandtemperatureasanothercoordinateiscalledsolubility curve。
)
3。
Airismixture ofgases,themostabundantofwhichis nitrogen intheform ofN2(molecules)。
4。
Thedirectionofthereactionandthepositionoftheequilibriummayalsobeaffectedbythetemperature,pressure,andotherconditions.
5.Hydrogenhasagreataffinityfor oxygenandeasilycombineswithittoform water。
V. Translation
玻意尔(Bohr)模型提出不久后,人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。
实验证实电子既有粒子的性质(质量)也有光的特性(波的特性)。
因为它的两重性,电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子,而且如Bohr所说的,如果电子高速运动,我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。
Unit13UltravioletandVisibleMolecularSpectroscopy
I.Comprehension
1。
C2。
D 3.D4.D5。
B
II. Fill intheblanks
of;as;in; out; In;for; for;of;in;then;to;for;since(for) ;into.
III.Fillthe blankineachsentence withan appropriate phraseinitsproperform.
1.accountfor 2。
take partin 3。
thinkof….as 4.As compared with
5。
isattachedto6。
onthecontrary 7。
As inthecase of 8.incontrast withasagainst9.owing to 10。
Except for.
Unit17Crystallisation
I.Comprehension
1。
D 2.A 3。
A4.D5.A
II.Fillintheblankswith theproperwordgivenbelow。
Stage;interna; symmetrical; basis;physical;Furthermore;composed;responsible;reasonable; overall.
III。
Choosethe item from(1)~(6) thatbestmatchestheitemin(a) ~(f) tomake a correct sentence.
1~a; 2~b;3~c;4~d;5~e;6~f
.Translatethe followinginto Chinese
共沸物;类质同晶;过饱和;砷酸盐;晶核;异丙基;醇;钠;硫酸盐;间甲酚;糖膏;
十水合物;结晶质的;同系物;衍生物;结晶;四硼酸盐;盐析;乙基乙酰苯胺;矿物油.
Uint18Distillation
I. Comprehension
1。
B2.D3。
A 4.A
II。
Fill intheblanks with thephrasesgiven below。
1。
Inorderto 2.inrelation to 3.inthecaseof4.intheend
5.inanumberof 6.leadto 7。
amessy way
掌握以下词汇:
flashdistillation闪蒸 ;exit stream 出流;equilibriumcurve 平衡曲线;weir堰;
redistillati