Learning korean.docx

Learning korean.docx

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Learningkorean

Lesson1HangulAlphabetSystem

Vowels:

-

ㅏ

ㅑ

ㅓ

ㅕ

ㅗ

"a"

"ya"

"eo"

"yeo"

"o"

ㅛ

ㅜ

ㅠ

ㅡ

ㅣ

"yo"

"oo"or"u"

"yoo"or"yu"

"eu"

"i"

Consonants:

-

ㄱ

ㄴ

ㄷ

ㄹ

ㅁ

"g"or"k"

"n"

"d"or"t"

"r"or"l"

"m"

ㅂ

ㅅ

ㅇ

ㅈ

ㅊ

"b"or"p"

"s"

-

"ch"

"ch'"

ㅋ

ㅌ

ㅍ

ㅎ

"g'"or"k'"

"d'"

"p'"

"h"

Notethat"'"meanstheletterisaspirated,i.easharpsound.

ㅎ+

ㅏ+

ㄴ=

한

han

h

a

n

ㄱ+

ㅜ+

ㄱ=

국

guk

g

u

k

한국pronouncedHanGukmeaningKorea

Lesson2DoubleVowels（모음）

ㅐ

ㅒ

ㅔ

ㅖ

ㅘ

ㅙ

ㅝ

ㅞ

eir

yeir

ere

yere

wa

where

wo

weo

ㅟ

ㅢ

weou

wei

Lesson3UseofConsonants（자음）andVowels（모음）

Vowelsinthekoreanlanguagesmaybeattachedtotheleft,rightorbeneatheachotherinordertoformaword,thefollowingareexamplesoftheiruse:

-

가=ka

거=keo

겨=kyeo

갸=kya

기=ki

고=ko

바=pa

버=peo

부=pu

뵤=pyo

지=chi

저=cheo

즈=chu

조=cho

마=ma

머=meo

무=mo

나=na

너=neo

이=i

야=ya

디=ti

고=ko

댜=tya

요=yo

오=o

도=to

드=tu

두=too

그=ku

Whenconstructingaword,youmustaddamixtureofconsonantsandvowels,beginningwiththeconsonantatthebeginningoftheword.Insomecases,thereisnoneedtouseaconsonantatthebeginninginwhichcaseㅇ（nullcharacter）isused.

ㅇ

+

ㅏ

=

아

a

ㄹ

+

ㅡ

+

ㅁ

=

름

rum

ㄱ

+

ㅏ

+

ㅁ

=

감

kam

ㄲ

+

ㅜ

+

ㅇ

=

꿍

kkoong

ㅇ

+

ㅗ

+

ㅅ

=

옷

ot

ㅇ

+

ㅓ

+

ㅂㅅ

=

없

eop

ㄲ

+

ㅗ

+

ㅊ

=

꽃

kkot

ㅎ

+

ㅏ

+

ㄴ

=

한

han

ㄱ

+

ㅡ

+

ㄱ

=

극

guk

Moreonconstructingwords

Asyllablethatconsistsofaconsonantanda"verticalvowel"iswrittenwiththeconsonantontheleftandthevowelontheright

ㄴ+ㅏ=나

n+a=na

Asyllablethatconsistsofaconsonantanda"horizontalvowel"iswrittenwiththeconsonantontopandthevowelunderneath:

ㅁ+ㅗ=모

m+o=mo

Ifasyllablehasaconsonant,vowel,andconsonant,thefinalconsonant,calledpatch'im（meaning"supportingfloor"inKorean）goestothebottom--orfloor--ofthatsyllable.

ㅁ+ㅏ+ㄴ=만

m+a+n=man

Lesson4-Grammer

KoreanNames

Ingeneral,Koreannamesconsistof3syllables.

ThefirstpartistheSurname（suchasKim,LeeandPak）,itisthefollowedbyatwo-syllablefirstname.InKorean,thesurnamealwayscomesfirstwhichisoppositeofWesternNamessuchasDoojinPakinsteadoftheKoreanmethodofPakDoojin.

Whenyouarereferringtosomeonewhoyouknowwell,thenyoumaybeabletorefertothemdirectly,suchasusingtheirfirstname.Howeverwhenyouareintroducedtosomeonetowhomyouarenotfamiliarwith,orammeetingforthefirsttime,thenyouwouldadd-ssitotheendofthename.AnexampleofthiswouldbeDoojin-ssi

MakingPoliteSentences

Withverbstemswhichendinvowelssuchaka-,ha-andsa-,itispossibletomaketheseintopolitesentencesbyadding-yototheendofthewords,suchasKayo（whichmeans"togo",or"Igo"or"hegoes"）.Verbsinthepolitestylecanbeusedasstatements,questions,suggestionsorcommands,andmaybefurtheremphasisedbythetoneofyourvoice.Forexample,ChalChinaessoyomaybebothexpressedasaquestionbyaskinghowsomeoneis,orcanbeaquestionstatingthatyouarefine.AnotherexampleisthemorecommonAnnyongHaseyo.

Lesson5-SentenceStructureandorder

KoreanSentenceStructureandWordorder

InKoreanthestructureofsentencediffertoEnglishsentences,forexamplethephraseChalChinaessooyoliterallymeans"Wellhaveyoubeengettingon?

"whichistheoppositefromEnglish.

IngeneralthestructureoftheKoreansentencesisbrokendownassubject-object-verb

"Jontheballkicked"

"ToGo"inordertodosentences

Thereareafewwordsthatyoumayaddtotheendofverbstemsattheendofsentences,theseinclude-yowhichmakessentencespolite,and-rowhichmeans"inorderto".

Insomecasestheverbstemsmayineffectendinconsonantsinwhichcase-uroisutilised.

Theorderofthesentencesforanexamplesentenceof"inordertobuybreadIamgointotheshops"isrestructuredas"breadbuy-inorder-totheshopsgo"

InKoreanunlikeEnglish,thesubjectofthesentencesisoptionallike"I",thenthe"inordersection"isnext,whichisthenfollowedby"theplaceyouaregoing".

（InEnglish）

I

gototheshops

in-order-tobuybread

（inKorean）

I（optional）

breadbuy-in-orderto

shopstogo

TheKonglishforthissentenceinKoreanwouldbena-doppangsa-rokayo（I-dobreadbuy-inorder-togo）.

*Theconstructioncanonlybeusedinverbsinvolving'going'and'coming'andcannotbeusedwithotherverbsattheendofsentences.

Lesson6-Askingforthings

ThereAre/Thereis

TheKoreanverbwhichmeanseither"thereare"and"thereis"isissoyo（있어요）

Theyaredependentonthecontextinwhichyouusethem,andonwhatyouaretalkingabout.Thestemoftheverbisiss-withtheinclusionofoandthepoliteparticle-yo,thusformingtheending-oyo.Howeverinthecasewheretheverbstemendsinvowel,weuse-aor-o,suchas-ayo.

Vowelstem

-yo

Consonantstem

-ayo

ifthelastvowelendswith-aor-o

ConsonantStem

-oyo

Incontexttheopppositeofiss-isops-whichliterallymeans"thereisnt"or"therearent".

Usesoftheverbs

chogiissoyomeans"itexistoverthere",or"itsoverthere"

Issoyoonitsowncanmean"Ihave/hehas"

Opsoyomeans"Idonthave"or"Ihaventgot"

Inashop

Whenaddressingashopkeeperorwaiters,Koreansuseajossiliterallymeaninguncle,butisusedasageneralwordwhenaddressingsomeoneinashop.

Howeverifitweretobeusedinaformalway,itisonlyforthereferralofaman,

Forfemalesthewordajummameaningauntisused,forpeopleover35-ish,andforyoungerwomanagassiisusedforyoungwomen.

InKorean,weuseaparticlewhichcomesafteranounthatitrelatesto,suchasna-do（me-too）.

InEnglish,itistheopposite,wewouldsay'with-me',whereasKoreanis'me-with'.

Using'and'

InKorean,thewordforandis-hago,thisisaparticlesowhenitistobeuseditmustbeattachedtoanoun.Forexample,whenyousay'burgerandchips',inKoreanitwouldbe'burger-hagochips.Thewordhagobecomespartofburger.

Theparticlehagocanalsomeanwithsuchas,Doojin-hagoshinae-ekayomeaning'IamgoingtotownwithDoojin'.

Orderingwithnumbers

Whenaskingfor'one'itemwesay'hana'whichissaidafteryouhaveselectedthemealyouwishtoorder.Forexamplewewouldsay,sojuhanachuseyomeaning"sojuonegivemeplease".

Thewordchuseyoutilisesthepolitewordstem-yo,attachedtochu-,whichmeans"givemeplease"

Lesson7-KoreanNamesandTopics

InKorean,whenyouwanttoaddressmenpolitely,onewouldusethewordsongsaegnimattachedtotheirsurnameorfullname,thisliterallymeansteacher.

Forexample,onewouldsayYooSongsaegnimorwiththefullnameYooSangHyunSongsaegnim.

ItisnotpossibletoaKoreanpersonsfirstname,suchlikeSangHyunSongsaegnim.Forthatsamereason,whenyouusethessi,youcannotsayYoo-ssi,orYooSangHyun-ssi,butwouldrathersaySangHyun-ssi.

AddressingKoreanwomen,inKoreawomendonottaketheirhusbandssurnamewhentheygetmarried.

ForexampleifMrsHanismarriedtoMrKim,thenshemayreferredtoasKimsongsaengnim-puin（Kimmr-wife）,orshemayberefferedtoinasimilarEnglishterminologysuchasMisesuHan（MrsHan）.

UsingCopulatodescribe"thisisthat"

InKorean,ifyouwanttodescribeAisB,youwillhavetousespecialverbscalledcopula.InKorea,thiscopulaispresentattheendofasentence,andbehavesalittledifferentlytoordinaryverbs.

IfyouwanttosayAisB（like"ThisisaKoreanbook"）:

-

AB-ieyo（orB-eyo）

thisKoreanbook-ieyo

Itisobviousthatyouwoulduse-eyowhenBendsinavowel,but-ieyowhenBendsonaconsonant.

songsaengnim-ieyo（isteacher）

soju-eyo（issoju）

IMPORTANTtonotethatinKoreanthecopulaisonlyusedtodescribewhenthis"isequivalentto".

Itcantbeusedtosay"islocatedin"（isunderneath","isnear"）norcanitbeusedtosay"isacertainway"（i.e"isred","ishappy"）.

Describinghowthingsare

Koreanpossesswordswhichmean"isacertainway".

Ottaeyomeansishow?

asin:

songsaengnimottaeyo?

（Howisteacher?

orWhatisteacherlike?

）

saobottaeyo?

（Howisbusiness?

orWhatisbusinesslike?

）

Kuraeyoliterallymeans"itislikethat",andmaybeusedasastatementsuchas"it'slikethat","thatsright","itis".

OntheotherhanditmaybeusedasaquestionKuraeyo?

meaning"isitlikethat?

","really?

"or"isthatso?

".

Koreanhasaspecialparticle,usedinattachmenttoplaceemphasisonwhatisbeingtalkedabout.

byadding-unornun,itmakesAsforBusinessorAsforme.

-nunisattachedtoanoun,whereas-unisattachedtoavowel.EGsoju-nun（asforsoju）,Songsaengnim-un（asforteacher）.

Lesson8-MoreonGrammar

-hamnidaand-jiman

InKorean,itispossibletoaddpoliteendingstoverbs,forexample,shillyehamnida（excuseme）,whichiscomprisedoftheverbstemshilleha-,andtheverbendinghamnida（notethisistheformalstyle）.

Thereisalsotheverbandstem,shillye-jiman（I'msorrybut....）whichisaabbreviationoftheverbandstemshillyeha-jiman,containingtheending-jimanwhichmeansbut.

Askingaperson

InKorean,thereisaspecialverbwhichmaybeusedintheeventwhereyo