16-心理障碍_精品文档.ppt

16-心理障碍_精品文档.ppt

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MyersPSYCHOLOGY,Chapter16PsychologicalDisorders,PsychologicalDisorders,PsychologicalDisordera“harmfuldysfunction”inwhichbehaviorisjudgedtobe:

atypical-notenoughinitselfdisturbing-varieswithtimeandculturemaladaptive-harmfulunjustifiable-sometimestheresagoodreason,HistoricalPerspective,PerceivedCausesmovementsofsunormoonlunacy-fullmoonevilspiritsAncientTreatmentsexorcism,cagedlikeanimals,beaten,burned,castrated,mutilated,bloodreplacedwithanimalsblood,PsychologicalDisorders,MedicalModelconceptthatdiseaseshavephysicalcausescanbediagnosed,treated,andinmostcases,curedassumesthatthese“mental”illnessescanbediagnosedonthebasisoftheirsymptomsandcuredthroughtherapy,whichmayincludetreatmentinapsychiatrichospital,PsychologicalDisorders,Bio-Psycho-SocialPerspectiveassumesthatbiological,sociocultural,andpsychologicalfactorscombineandinteracttoproducepsychologicaldisorders,PsychologicalDisorders,PsychologicalDisorders-Etiology,DSM-IVAmericanPsychiatricAssociationsDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders（FourthEdition）awidelyusedsystemforclassifyingpsychologicaldisorderspresentlydistributedasDSM-IV-TR（textrevision）,PsychologicalDisorders-Etiology,NeuroticDisorder（termseldomusednow）usuallydistressingbutthatallowsonetothinkrationallyandfunctionsociallyPsychoticDisorderpersonlosescontactwithrealityexperiencesirrationalideasanddistortedperceptions,AnxietyDisorders,AnxietyDisordersdistressing,persistentanxietyormaladaptivebehaviorsthatreduceanxietyGeneralizedAnxietyDisorderpersonistense,apprehensive,andinastateofautonomicnervoussystemarousal,AnxietyDisorders,PanicDisordermarkedbyaminutes-longepisodeofintensedreadinwhichapersonexperiencesterrorandaccompanyingchestpain,choking,orotherfrighteningsensation,AnxietyDisorders,Phobiapersistent,irrationalfearofaspecificobjectorsituationObsessive-CompulsiveDisorderunwantedrepetitivethoughts（obsessions）and/oractions（compulsions）,AnxietyDisorders,Commonanduncommonfears,AnxietyDisorders,AnxietyDisorders,PETScanofbrainofpersonwithObsessive/CompulsivedisorderHighmetabolicactivity（red）infrontallobeareasinvolvedwithdirectingattention,MoodDisorders,MoodDisorderscharacterizedbyemotionalextremesMajorDepressiveDisorderamooddisorderinwhichaperson,fornoapparentreason,experiencestwoormoreweeksofdepressedmoods,feelingsofworthlessness,anddiminishedinterestorpleasureinmostactivities,MoodDisorders,ManicEpisodeamooddisordermarkedbyahyperactive,wildlyoptimisticstateBipolarDisorderamooddisorderinwhichthepersonalternatesbetweenthehopelessnessandlethargyofdepressionandtheoverexcitedstateofmaniaformerlycalledmanic-depressivedisorder,MoodDisorders-Depression,MoodDisorders-Depression,Canadiandepressionrates,MoodDisorders-Suicide,MoodDisorders-Bipolar,PETscansshowthatbrainenergyconsumptionrisesandfallswithemotionalswitches,MoodDisorders-Depression,Alteringanyonecomponentofthechemistry-cognition-moodcircuitcanaltertheothers,MoodDisorders-Depression,Theviciouscycleofdepressioncanbebrokenatanypoint,DissociativeDisorders,DissociativeDisordersconsciousawarenessbecomesseparated（dissociated）frompreviousmemories,thoughts,andfeelingsDissociativeIdentityDisorderraredissociativedisorderinwhichapersonexhibitstwoormoredistinctandalternatingpersonalitiesformerlycalledmultiplepersonalitydisorder,Schizophrenia,Schizophrenialiteraltranslation“splitmind”agroupofseveredisorderscharacterizedby:

disorganizedanddelusionalthinkingdisturbedperceptionsinappropriateemotionsandactions,Schizophrenia,Delusionsfalsebeliefs,oftenofpersecutionorgrandeur,thatmayaccompanypsychoticdisordersHallucinationssensoryexperienceswithoutsensorystimulation,Schizophrenia,Schizophrenia,Schizophrenia,Schizophrenia,PersonalityDisorders,PersonalityDisordersdisorderscharacterizedbyinflexibleandenduringbehaviorpatternsthatimpairsocialfunctioningusuallywithoutanxiety,depression,ordelusions,PersonalityDisorders,AntisocialPersonalityDisorderdisorderinwhichtheperson（usuallyman）exhibitsalackofconscienceforwrongdoing,eventowardfriendsandfamilymembersmaybeaggressiveandruthlessoracleverconartist,MoodDisorders-Depression,Boyswhowerelaterconvictedofacrimeshowedrelativelylowarousal,PersonalityDisorders,PETscansillustratereducedactivationinamurderersfrontalcortex,PersonalityDisorders,RatesofPsychologicalDisorders,