本科英国文学.docx

本科英国文学.docx

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本科英国文学

英国文学

中古时期的英国文学

Ballad（民谣）:

（1）Balladisastoryinpoeticformtobesungorrecited.

（2）Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.（3）RobinHoodisafamousballadsingingthegoodsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeofAncientMarineisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.

Epic（史诗）:

（1）Epic,inpoetry,referstoalongworkdealingwiththeactionsofgodsandheroes.

（2）BeowulfisthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.JohnMiltonwrotethreegreatepics：

ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonists.

Romance（罗曼文学/骑士文学）:

（1）RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.

（2）Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.（3）Chivalry（suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor）isthespiritofromance.

Alliteration（押头韵）:

（1）Alliterationmeansarepetitionofinitialsoundsofseveralwordsinalineorgroup.

（2）AlliterationisatraditionalpoeticdeviceinEnglishliterature.（3）RobertFrost’spoemAcquaintedwiththeNightisacaseinpoint:

“Ihavestoodstillandstoppedthesoundoffeet”.

Beowulf《贝奥武甫》:

（1）Beowulf,atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetry,isregardedasthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.

（2）TheepicdescribestheheroicdeedsofScandinavianhero,Beowulf,infightingagainstthemonsterGrendel,hisrevengefulmother,andafire-breathingdragon.（3）Thepoemconveysahopethattherighteouswilltriumphovertheevil.

GeoffreyChaucer（乔叟）:

（1）HeisregardedasthefatherofEnglishpoetry.

（2）TheCanterburyTalesishismasterpiece.（3）Hepresents,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensiverealisticpictureofmedievalEnglishsocietyandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.（4）ChaucerintroducedfromFrancerhymedstanzasofvarioustypes（heroiccouplet）intoEnglishpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse.（5）ItwasChaucerwhomadeLondondialectthefoundationformodernEnglishspeech.（6）Hischaracterizationisvivid.

Hismajorworks:

TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,TroilusandCriseyde《特罗勒斯和科丽西德》,TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰罗曼史》,TheHouseofFame《声誉之堂》.

BriefdescriptionofTheCanterburyTales:

（1）TheCanterburyTalesisChaucer’smonumentalsuccess.

（2）ItisacollectionofstoriestoldbyagroupofpilgrimsontheirwaytoCanterbury.（3）ItwasinfluencedbyBoccaccio（薄伽丘）’sDecameron（《十日谈》）.（4）InthepoemChaucerpresents,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensiverealisticpictureofthemedievalsocietyandcreatesawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.（5）ThepoemshowsChaucer’shumanismandanticipatesaneweratocome.

WilliamLangland（威廉•兰格伦）:

（1）PiersPlowman（《农夫皮尔斯》）isapoemthatgivesapictureofthelifeinfeudalEngland.

（2）Itisaprotestagainstthethensocialinjustice.

文艺复兴时期的英国文学

Renaissance（文艺复兴）:

（1）theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”.ItmeantthereintroductionintoWesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.

（2）TheessenceofRenaissanceishumanism.Attitudesandfeelingswhichhadbeencharacteristicofthe14thand15thcenturiespersistedwelldownintotheeraofHumanismandReformation.（3）TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.

Humanism（人文主义）:

（1）HumanismistheessenceofRenaissance.

（2）Itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofpresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenterofuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.

Spenserianstanza（斯宾塞诗节）:

（1） SpenserianstanzaisthecreationofEdmundSpenser.

（2）Itreferstoastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter（六步音），rhymingababbcbcc.（3）Spenser’sTheFaerieQueenewaswritteninthiskindofstanza.

Conceit（奇特的比喻）:

（1）Conceitisafar-fetchedsimileormetaphor,aliteraryconceitoccurswhenthespeakercomparestwohighlydissimilarthings.

（2）ConceitisextensivelyemployedinJohnDonne’spoetry.

Metaphysicalpoetry（玄学派诗歌）:

（1）MetaphysicalPoetryiscommonlyusedtonamethenameoftheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.

（2）Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.（3）ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheneoclassicalperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.（4）Theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.

Sonnet（十四行诗）:

（1）SonnetisoneofthemostconventionalandinfluentialformsofpoetryinEurope.

（2）Asonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameter,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.（3）Shakespeare’ssonnetsarewell-known.

Blankverse（无韵体诗）:

（1）Blankverseisversewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.

（2）ItistheverseformusedinsomeofthegreatestEnglishpoetry,includingthatofWilliamShakespeareandJohnMilton.

Meter（格律）:

（1）Theword“meter”isderivedfromtheGreekword“metron”,meaning“measure”.

（2）InEnglishwhenappliedtopoetry,itreferstotheregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables.（3）Theanalysisofmeteriscalledscansion（格律分析）.

Allegory（寓言）:

（1）Allegoryisastorytoldtoexplainorteachsomething,especiallyalongandcomplicatedstorywithanunderlyingmeaningdifferentfromthesurfacemeaningofthestoryitself.

（2）Allegoricalnovelsuseextendedmetaphorstoconveymoralmeaningsorattackcertainsocialevils.Charactersinthesenovelsoftenstandfordifferentvaluessuchasvirtueandvice.（3）Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Golding’sLordoftheFliesandMelville’sMobyDickarethreeexamplesofthiskind.

Stanza（诗节）:

（1）Stanzaisagroupoflinesofpoetry,usuallyfourormore,arrangedaccordingtoafixedplan.

（2）Thestanzaistheunitofstructureinapoemandpoetsdonotvarytheunitwithinapoem.

UniversityWits（大学才子）:

（1）UniversityWitsrefertoagroupofscholarsduringtheElizabethAgewhograduatedfromeitherOxfordorCambridge.TheycametoLondonwiththeambitiontobecomeprofessionalwriters.Someofthemlaterbecamefamouspoetsandplaywrights.Theywerecalled“universitywits”.

（2）ThomasGreene,ThomasKyd,JohnLilyandChristopherMarlowwereamongthem.（3）Theypavedtheways,tosomedegree,forthecomingofShakespeare.

Foreshadowing（预兆）:

（1）Foreshadowing,indrama,meansamethodusedtobuildsuspensebyprovidinghintsofwhatistocome.

（2）InShakespeare’sRomeoandJuliet,Romeo’sexpressionoffearinAct1,scene4foreshadowsthecatastrophetocome:

Ifeartooearly;formymindmisgives

Someconsequenceyethanginginthestars…

Soliloquy（独白）:

（1）Soliloquy,indrama,meansamomentwhenacharacterisaloneandspeakshisorherthoughtsaloud.

（2）Inthelines“Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion”,whichbeginsthefamoussoliloquyfromAct3,Scene1ofShakespeare’sHamlet.InthissoliloquyHamletquestionswhetherornotlifeisworthliving,andspeaksofthereasonswhyhedoesnotendhislife.

NarrativePoem（叙述诗）:

（1）ANarrativePoemreferstoapoemthattellsastory.

（2）Itmayconsistofaseriesofincidents,asinHomer’sTheIliadandTheOdysseus,andJohnMilton’sParadiseLost.

启蒙主义时期的英国文学

LiteraryTerms

TheEnlightenmentMovement（启蒙运动）

（1）EnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.

（2）ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14thcenturytothemid-17thcentury.（3）Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.（4）Itcelebratedreasonorrationality,equallyandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.Literatureatthetimebecameaverypopularmeansofpubliceducation.（5）FamousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeJohnDryden,AlexanderPope,JosephAddisonandSirRichardSteele,thetwopioneersoffamiliaressays,JohnathanSwift,RichardBringsleySheridan,DanielDefoe,HenryFieldingandSamuelJohnson,etc.

Neoclassicism（新古典主义）

（1）Inthefieldofliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.

（2）Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVigilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.（3）Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.

TheGraveyardSchool（墓地派诗歌）

（1）TheGraveyardSchoolreferstoaschoolofpoetsofthe18thcenturywhosepoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationormeditationonlife,pastandpresent,withdeathandgraveyardasthemes.

（2）ThomasGrayisconsideredtobetheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhisElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardisitsmostrepresentativework.

TheHeroicCouplet（英雄对偶句）

TheHeroicCoupletmeansapairoflinesofatypeonceinEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.

Elegy（挽歌）

（1）Elegyhastypicallybeenusedtorefertoreflectivepoemsthatlamentthelossofsomethingorsomeone.

（2）InMemoriambyAlfredTennysonisafamouselegy.

Satire（讽刺）

（1）Satiremeansakindofwritingthatholdsuptoridiculeorcontempttheweaknessandwrongdoingsofindividuals,groups,institutions,orhumanityingeneral.

（2）Theaimofsat