《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案.docx
《《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案.docx(29页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案
第一章
填空题:
1.TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedby________elementand_________element.Greco-RomanJudeo-Christian
2.TheHomer’sepicsconsistedof_________.IliadandOdyssey
3.________isthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.Euripides
4.__________iscalled“FatherofHistory”.Herodotus
5.________isthegreatesthistorianthateverlived.Thucydides
6.ThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto________.27B.C.
7.“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”isafamoussayingby_______.JuliusCaesar
8.TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyis__________.citizen-assembly.
判断题
1.Euclidsays“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld”.(×)Archimedes
2.Herodotus’shistoricalwritingisonthewarbetweenAnthensandSparta.(×)GreeksandPersians
名词解释:
1.PaxRomana
答:
IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana
2.“Democracy”inancientGreece
答:
1)Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.
2)Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.
论述题:
1.HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop?
1)Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.
2)Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.
A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcentury.
B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.
C.Theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.
3)The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.
4)Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewent
andconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.
5)MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.
2.WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?
答:
TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhereRediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.
1)Spiritofinnovation
TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;Theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinthefettersof
anyinheritedorthodoxy.
2)SupremeAchievement
TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour:
Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,comedy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.
3)Lastingeffect
A.Countlesswritershavequoted,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’scomedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.
B.Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:
Byron’sIslesofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.C.Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.
3.WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture?
答:
1)similarities:
A.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.
B.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified,andtheirmythstobefused.
C.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.
2)differences:
A.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire;theGreeksdidn’t,exceptforthebriefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.
B.TheRomanswereconfidentintheirownorganizationalpower,theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.
4.WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground?
答:
1)ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods:
Beforetheyear27B.C.,Romehadbeenarepublic;fromtheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.
2)Twocenturieslater,theRomanEmpirereacheditsclimax,markedbylandarea’sextension:
EncirclingtheMediterranean.
3)Strongmilitarypower:
thefamousRomanlegions.
4)IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,
itwasknownasPaxRomana.
5)AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.
6)Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.
A.Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).
B.After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWest
C.In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.
D.TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.
第二章
填空题:
1.___________isbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.Christianity
2.TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedin_________oftheBible.theOldTestament
3.TheNewTestamentisabout_________.thedoctrineofJesusChrist
4.ThestoryaboutGod’sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis,
Pentateuch,theOldTestament,theBible,whichwasknownas_________.Noah’sArk.
5.TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedin________.Matthew
6.ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinnedinthecrosstodeathwasknownas_________.TheLastSupper.
7.ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhand
bytheearlygroupofreformersledby_________.JohnWycliff.
名词解释:
1.TheOldTestament
TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:
theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.
2.Pentateuch
TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:
Genesis,Exodus,Leviticus,Numbers,Deuteronomy.
3.Genesis
GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.
4.Exodus
ExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt,theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.
5.TheBookofDaniel
TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.
论述简答题:
1.WhatarethebeliefsofChristianity?
答:
Christianitybaseditselfontwoforcefulbeliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.
1)OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearthtoliveashumanslive,sufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.
2)TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.
2.WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible?
答:
1)TheoldestextantGreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.
2)ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition,whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeincommonpeople’slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.
3)ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.
4)AfterJohnWycliff’sversion,appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.
5)TheGreatBibleorderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale’swork.
6)ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”or“KingJames”version,firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames.Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.
7)TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885,andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.
8)TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.
3.Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible?
答:
1)ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish.
2)Miltion’sParadiseLost,Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporaryHemingway’sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.
第三章
填空题:
1.In_______aGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.476
2.After1054,thechurchwasdividedinto_________and_______.theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.
3._______istheonewhotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.St.Jerome
4.______introducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.
5.Both___________arethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish.ChaucerandTheCanterburyTales
6._________pavedthewayforthedevelop