1、欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章 填空题: 1. The richness of European Culture was created by _element and _element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homers epics consisted of_. Iliad and Odyssey 3. _ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. _ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. _is th
2、e greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to _. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is _. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand,
3、 and I will move the world”. () Archimedes 2. Herodotuss historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. () Greeks and Persians 名词解释: 1. Pax Romana 答:In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Roman
4、a 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答: 1)Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. 2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题: 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and
5、develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establis
6、hment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and
7、conquered, whenever Greek culture was found. 5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece. 2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? 答: There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in
8、 Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 1) Spirit of innovation The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about
9、the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. 2) Supreme Achievement The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc. 3) La
10、sting effect A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homers epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophaness comedies, Platos Dialogues,ect. B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their a
11、dmiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byrons Isles of Greece, Shelleys Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyces modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 3. What is the si
12、milarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答:1) similarities: A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly. B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused. C. Their languages work
13、ed in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family. 2) differences: A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didnt, except for the brief moment of Alexanders conquests, which soon disintegrated. B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their mi
14、litary and administrative capabilities. 4. What is the Rome historical background? 答:1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began. 2)
15、 Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land areas extension: Encircling the Mediterranean. 3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions. 4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known
16、 as Pax Romana. 5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law. 6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century. A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul). B. After 395,
17、 the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West C. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire. D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. 第二章 填空题: 1. _is by far the most influentia
18、l in the West. Christianity 2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _of the Bible. the Old Testament 3. The New Testament is about _. the doctrine of Jesus Christ 4. The story about Gods flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testamen
19、t, the Bible, which was known as _. Noahs Ark. 5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in _. Matthew 6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _. The Last Supper. 7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by
20、 hand by the early group of reformers led by _. John Wycliff. 名词解释: 1. The Old Testament The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man. 2.
21、 Pentateuch The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 3. Genesis Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religi
22、ous account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph. 4. Exodus Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the
23、period when they began to receive Gods Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan. 5. The Book of Daniel The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon. 论述简答题: 1. What are the beliefs of Christianity? 答: Christianity
24、based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1)One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind. 2)The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whoso
25、ever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. 2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible? 答:1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Te
26、stament. 2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common peoples language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world. 3) The first English version of whole Bible was transl
27、ated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. 4) After John Wycliffs version, appeared William Tyndales version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources. 5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry in 1539 to be placed in al
28、l the English churches was in part founded on Tyndales work. 6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue
29、, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages. 7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. 8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible. 3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible? 答:1) It is gen
30、erally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. 2) Miltions Paradise Lost, Bunyans Pilgrims Progress, Byrons Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingways The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbecks East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the B
31、ible. 第三章 填空题: 1. In _ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 476 2. After 1054, the church was divided into _ and _. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. 3. _ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome 4. _introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse. 5. Both _are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales 6. _ paved the way for the develop
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