The Influence of the Difference between English and Japanese Syntax on IS12页.docx
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TheInfluenceoftheDifferencebetweenEnglishandJapaneseSyntaxonIS12页
TheInfluenceoftheDifferencebetweenEnglishandJapaneseSyntaxonIS
Abstract:
Asweallknow,thedifferenceofculturecomespartlyfromthedifferenceofterritory,andtranslatingisbasedoncultures,sowecanworkoutthattranslatingispartlyinfluencedbyterritories,andholdsdifferentfeaturesaccordingtotheirlocations.TheUnitedStateofAmericaislocatedintheWesternhemisphere,whileJapanislocatedintheEasternhemisphere.Thetwocountriesarequitedifferentingeographicallocation,naturalenvironment,climaticcharacteristics,localcustoms,andculturalfeaturesandsoon.ThepresentpaperistalkingaboutsometranslatingfeaturesandstrategiesfromtheperspectiveofEnglishandJapaneselanguagecustoms,takingtheepisodesofahotfilmnamedfrozenasexamples.
1.DifferencebetweenAmericaandJapaninnaturalaspects
AsAmericaandJapanarerespectivelybelongingtotheWesternhemisphereandtheEasthemisphere,theydifferfromeachotherquitealotinnaturalaspects,suchasgeographicallocation,naturalenvironment,andclimaticcharacteristicsandsoon.
1.1Differenceingeographicallocation
TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,beinglocatedintheEasthemisphere,SouthernNorthAmerica.ItfacestheAtlanticOceanontheeast,thePacificonthewest,Canadatothenorth,andMexicoandtheGulfofMexicobysouth.Thetotalareaofthecountryis9,372,614squarekilometersanditstotalpopulationisabout283,000,000(2001).Thewholecountryincludes50statesandafederaldistrict,theDistrictofColumbia,whichistheseatoftheFederalGovernment.TheUnitedStatesistheworld’sthirdorfourthlargestnationbytotalarea,beforeorafterthePeople’sRepublicofChina,dependingonhowtwoterritoriesdisputedbyChinaandIndiaarecounted.Includingonlylandarea,theUnitedStatesisthirdinsizebehindRussiaandChina,justaheadofCanada.ThecommonwealthofPuertoRico,thelargestandmostpopulousU.S.territories,isinthenortheasternCaribbean.Withafewexceptions,suchastheterritoryofGuamandthewesternmostpositionofAlaska,nearlyallofthecountryliesinthewesternhemisphere.
ThecoastalplainoftheAtlanticseaboardgiveswayfurtherinlandtodeciduousforestsandtherollinghillsofthePiedmont.TheAppalachianMountainsdividetheeasternseaboardfromtheGreatLakesandthegrasslandsoftheMidwest.TheMississippi-MissouriRiver,theworld’sfourthlongestriversystem,runsmainlynorth-souththroughtheheartofthecountry.Theflat,fertileprairielandoftheGreatPlainsstretchestothewest.TheRockyMountains,atthewesternedgeoftheGreatPlains,extendnorthtosouthacrossthecontinentalUnitedStates,reachingaltitudeshigherthan14,000feet(4,300m)inColorado.TheareatothewestoftheRockiesisdominatedbydesertssuchastheMojaveandtherockyGreatBasin.TheSierraNevadarangerunsparalleltotheRockies,relativelyclosetothePacificcoast.At20,320ft(6,194m),Alaska’sMountMcKinleyisthecountry’stallestpeak.ActivevolcanoesarecommonthroughouttheAlexanderandAleutianIslandsandtheentirestateofHawaiiisbuiltupontropicalvolcanicislands.ThesupervolcanounderlyingYellowstoneNationalParkintheRockiesisthecontinent’slargestvolcanicfeature. JapanislocatedinEasternAsia,butJapanisanislandsoitisintheNorthPacificOcean.Japanhasmorethan1000islands,butthethereare4mainislands.HonshuisthelargestislandinJapan.Itholds80percentofthepopulation.TheislandalsohasthecapitalofJapan,Tokyo.TokyoisalsothelargestcityinJapan.Honshualsohastheveryfamouspeak,MountFuji,anditisaninactivevolcano.
1.2Differenceinclimate
InAmerica,becauseoftheUnitedStates’largesizeandwiderangeofgeographicfeatures,nearlyeverytypeofclimateisrepresented.Theclimateistemperateinmostareas,tropicalinHawaiiandsouthernFlorida,polarinAlaska,semiaridintheGreatPlainswestofthe100thmeridian,desertintheSouthwest,MediterraneanincoastalCalifornia,andaridintheGreatBasin.Extremeweatherisnotuncommon――thestatesborderingtheGulfofMexicoarepronetohurricanesandmostoftheworld’stornadoesoccurwithinthecontinentalUnitedStates.
WhileinJapan,duetothelargeNorthSouthextensionofthecountry,theclimatevariesstronglyindifferentregions.Theclimateinmostofthemajorcities,includingTokyo,istemperatetosubtropicsandconsistsoffourseasons.Thewinterismildandthesummerishotandhumid.Thereisarainyseasoninearlysummer,andtyphoonshitpartsofthecountryeveryyearduringlatesummer.TheclimateofthenorthernislandofHokkaidoandtheSeaofJapancoastiscolder,andsnowfallsinlargeamounts.InOkinawa,ontheotherhand,themeantemperatureofJanuaryisawarm17degreeCelsius.TherearealotofearthquakesthatoccurinJapan.Japanhaslotsofearthquakesbecauseitliesonanunstablepartofthecrust.Whenthecrustmoves,itusuallycausesanearthquake.About1000earthquakesoccureachyear,andearthquakesalsocausetsunamis.Atsunamiisahugewave,kindofatidalwave.TyphoonsarealsoabigfactorinJapan.SinceJapanisanisland,alotoftyphoonsandhurricanesoccur.Bothofthemoccurinsummer.Theheavyrainsandwindsusuallydestroythecrops.MassiverainsoccurinJapanfrequentlyandtherainusuallycauseshugeyeartotals.
2.Regionalcultureinfluencetranslation
Asweallknow,theUnitedStateofAmericaandJapanarequitedifferentingeographicallocation,naturalenvironment,andclimaticcharacteristics,andsodotheirlocalcustoms,andculturalfeatures.Thedifferenceofculturecomespartlyfromthedifferenceofterritory,andtranslatingisbasedoncultures,sowecanworkoutthattranslatingispartlyinfluencedbyterritories,andholdsdifferentfeaturesaccordingtotheirlocations. 3pareEnglishSyntaxwithJapaneseSyntax
EnglishandJapanesearetwokindsofquitedifferentlanguages.Theydifferfromeachotherinmanyaspects,amongwhichsyntaxisthemostobviousdifference.
3.1BriefintroductionofEnglishsyntax
TherearefivekindsofbasicsentencepatternsinEnglishsimplesentences,i.e.S+Vi,S+Vt+O,S+LV+Predicative,S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir,S+Vt.+O+Opl.Subjects,verbs(intransitiveverbs,transitiveverbs,double-objectverbs,linkverbs,andfactitiveverbs),objectsandcomplementscanbecalledthefundamentalconstituentsofasentence.Acompletesentenceoftenincludetwobasalcomponentsatleastandfouratmost.
Themodifiersofthebasalcomponentsincludeattributesoradverbials.Attributescanbeaworld,aphrase,oraclause,beingusedtomodifyanoun;whileadverbialscanbeaworld,aphrase,oraclause,beingusedtomodifytermsbesidethenounorpronoun.Forexample:
Attributes:
poorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby.
ShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.
Haveyouseenthebookonthedesk?
Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.
Peopletherelikesports.
Adverbials:
Johnoftencametochatwithme.
Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.
Ashewasill,hedidn’tcometoclassyesterday.
Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.
Wheneverhegetsdrunk,JohnmakesMaryveryangry.
Thereisanotherpartnamelyindependentelement,whichhasnogrammaticalrelationshipwithothertermsinasentence.Itcanbetakenoutwithoutaffectingtheintegrityofasentence.Forexample:
Oh!
Whatisthat!
(Exclamation)
Hehas,alas,failedagain.
Comehere,John.(Directaddress)
3.2BriefintroductionofJapaneselanguage
Japaneseisakindofagglutinativelanguage,belongingtothenaturallanguage.Japanesewordscanbedividedintoautonomouswordandadjunctwordinthelightoffunction.Theautonomouswordistheconceptofacompleteword,whichcanbealoneorwithadjunctwordfollowedup,soastoformasegment.Japaneseisacompact-structuredlanguage,inwhichdependencyliesbetweentwoadjacentsegments,andJapanesedependencyanalysisistodetermineanoptimalcombinationofdependenciesbasedondependencyconstrains.Theautonomouswordincludesnoun,pronoun,andnumeral;alsoincludesverb,adjective,andadjectivalnoun;andadverb,connectionword,continuatives,andinterjection.Theadjunctwordisakindofwordthatmeanstherelationshipbetweenautonomouswords,meaningaddandtheattitudeandthoughtofspeakers.Itcannotconstituteasegmentalone,butcanjustlaybehindtheautonomouswordandformasegmenttogetherwithit.Theadjunctwordmainlyincludesauxiliarywordsandauxiliaryverbs. Inaddition,Japanesehasseveralimportantfeaturesasonekindofagglutinativelanguage.First,itreflectseveryword’sstatusandsyntaxfunctionbyrelyingontheadhesionofauxiliarywordsandauxiliaryverbsinsteadoftheinflections,sotheseadhesivecompositionsplayanextremelyimportantroleinJapanesegrammar.Second,somepartsofspeechinJapaneselanguagehaveinflectionsaswell,butthoseinflectionsarenottransformedwithfeatures,numbers,case,ortimedirectly,butwiththeadhesivecompositionbehindthem.Third,theorderofeverypartinaJapanesesentenceisobjective+objective+predicate,butnotsostrict.Sometimes,theobjective,complement,andsubjectivecanexchangetheirlocationswitheachotherwhennecessary,beingdeterminedbywords.Butundernormalconditions,thepredicateisoftenatthelastofasentence.Fourth,themodifiersmustbesituatedbeforethosebeingmodified,thatistosay,theattr