通用英语选读.docx

通用英语选读.docx

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通用英语选读

专业英语培训内容

1.AWorldwithoutOil假如世界上没有石油

Haveyoueverstoppedtothinkhowyourlifewouldchangeiftheworldranoutofoil?

Takealookatyourday.Theroofofyourhomeisprobablymadewaterproofbyanoilproduct,bitumen.Thesameproductisusedfortheroadsurfaceoutsideyourhome.Beforeyouleavetogotoworkorschool,justexamineyoursurroundings.Istheroomwarmerthanthecoldairoutside?

oil,orelectricityfromoil-fedgeneratorsmaybekeepingyoucomfortablywarm.Ifyouarecomfortablycoolinatropicalclimate,yourairconditioningunitmayalsodependonoil-fedgenerators.

Inthekitchenandthebathroomyouwillprobablyseesomeplasticfittings,suchastilesandworkingsurfaces;polystyrenecups;curtainsmadefromsyntheticmaterials;disinfectantsanddetergents.Allowetheirorigintotheoilknownaspetroleum。

Latin/Greek'petra',rock,andLatin'oleum',oil）,founddeepintheearth.Lookinsidethemedicinecupboardformorepetroleumproducts,medicalparaffinandpetroleumjelly.Cosmeticssuchasfacecreams,lipsticksandhairpreparationsareoftenbasedonpetroleum.。

Whenyou'reout,noticethefieldsandgardens.Fertilizersandinsecticidesmadefrompetroleumcanimprovecropproduction.Recentlyproteinfeedsforanimalshavebeendevelopedbygrowingyeastinapetroleumbasedstock.Asyouheadforyourbus,trainorcar,allofwhichusepetroleumproductsintheformoffueltomovethemandlubricantstokeeptheminworkingorder.takealookinthemirror.Whatareyouwearingtoday?

Apolyestershirtordress,nylonsocksorstockings,andacrylicsweater-araincoatofPVC（polyvinylchloride）?

Allofthesearebasedonpetroleumproducts.

Scientistspredictthattheworld's'knownoilresourceswillrunoutearlyinthenextcentury.Butlongbeforethentheworldwillhavetodecideonitspriorities.Canweaffordtousesomuchofourlimitedpetroleumsuppliesforprivatemotoring?

Shouldairlinescompeteonsimilarroutesallowingplanestoflylongdistanceswithemptypassengerseats?

Whatalternativeenergyresourcescanbedeveloped?

。

ThereisanoldEnglishsaying,"Necessityisthemotherofinvention,"whichmeansthatwhenyouarefacedwithaneedyouwilldiscoversomewayoffulfillingit.Alreadyscientistsareproposingsomefascinatingsolutions.Thereisonesuggestionthatthewheeledtrafficandthefootstepsofcrowdswalkingthestreetsinmajorcitiescouldgenerateenergy.Onecompanyhaspresentedanideainwhichmetalstripsinsertedinpavementsandroadsoperateflywheelsbymeanofapistonactionusinghydraulicfluid.Theysaythehumanandwheeledtrafficinabusycitycentercouldprovideenoughenergytolightthestreetsofanentiretownorpowertheheatingsystemforahospitalorschool.Somepeoplearedevelopingsophisticatedversionsofthewindmill.Enginescanrunonalcohol,sosurplussugarcanecouldbeusedtoproduceenergy.Anairshippoweredbyenergyfromthesunhasbeensuggested.Such"sunship"wouldhavealargeenoughsurfaceareatocarrytheenormousnumberofsolarcellsnecessarytomoveanyappreciableload.Such"sunship"mighttravelatoveronehundredkilometersanhour.Insuchcircumstances,ofcourse,thetropicalpartsoftheworldwouldhaveaheadstartintheracetofindnewenergysources.

2.AnIntroductiontoDistillation蒸馏概述

Petroleumrefiningistheseparationofpetroleumintofractionsandthesubsequenttreatingofthesefractions馏分tomakethemintopetroleumproducts.Mostpetroleumproducts,includingkerosenes,fueloils,lubricatingoils,andwaxes,arefractionsofpetroleumthathavebeentreatedtoremoveundesirablecomponents.Otherproducts,forexample,gasolines,aromaticsolvents,andevensomeasphalts,aretotallyorpartlysyntheticinthattheyhavecompositionsthatareimpossibletoachievebydirectseparationofthesematerialsfromcrudepetroleum.Theyresultfromchemicalprocessesthatchangethemolecularnatureofselectedportionsofcrudepetroleum;inotherwords,theyaretheproductsofrefiningortheyarerefinedproducts.

Refiningpetroleumisacomplexseriesofstepsbywhichtheoriginalcrudematerialiseventuallyconvertedintosalableproductswiththedesiredqualitiesand,perhapsmoreimportant,intheamountsdictatedbythemarket.

Infact,arefineryisessentiallyagroupofmanufacturingplantsthatvaryinnumberwiththevarietyofproductsproduced;refineryprocessesmustbeselectedandproductsmanufacturedtogiveabalancedoperation:

thatis,crudeoilmustbeconvertedintoproductsaccordingtotherateofsaleofeach.Forexample,themanufactureofproductsfromthelowerboilingportionofpetroleumautomaticallyproducesacertainamountofhigherboilingcomponents.Ifthelattercannotbesoldas,say,heavyfueloil,theyaccumulateuntilrefinerystoragefacilitiesarefull.Topreventtheoccurrenceofsuchasituation,therefinerymustbeflexibleandabletochangeoperationsasneeded.Thisusuallymeansmoreprocesses--acrackingprocesstochangeanexcessofheavyfueloilintomoregasolinewithcokeastheresidualproductoravacuumdistillationprocesstoseparatetheheavyoilintolubricatingoilstocksandasphalt--toaccommodatetheever-changingdemandsofthemarket.

Inaddition,acompleterefininginstallationmustincludethefollowing:

allnecessarynon-processingfacilities;adequatetankageforstoringcrudeoil,intermediate,andfinishedproducts;adependablesourceofelectricalpower,material-handlingequipment;workshopsandsuppliesformaintainingacontinuous24h/day,7day/weekoperation;wastedisposalandwater-treatingequipment;andproduct-blendingfacilities.

Intheearlystagesofrefinerydevelopment,whenilluminatingandlubricatingoilswerethemainproducts,distillationwasthemajorandoftenonlyrefineryprocess.Atthattime,gasolinewasaminor,butmoreoftenunwanted,product.Asthedemandforgasolineincreased,conversionprocessesweredevelopedbecausedistillationcouldnolongersupplythenecessaryquantities.

Nevertheless,distillationhasremainedamajorrefineryprocessandaprocesstowhichjustabouteverycrudethatenterstherefineryissubjected.Amultitudeofseparationsareaccomplishedbydistillation,butitsmostimportantandprimaryfunctionintherefineryisitsusefortheseparationofcrudeoilintocomponentfractions.

Thusitispossibletoobtainproductsrangingfromgaseousmaterialstakenoffthetopofthedistillationcolumntoaheavyresidueor"bottom",whichisusuallynonvolatile,withcorrespondinglylightermaterialstakenoffatintermediatepoints.However.themajorityofcrudeoils,andthisappliestotheheavier,moreviscous粘性的petroleums,whichareprocessedbydistillation,areusuallyseparatedintothelighterfractions（gas,gasoline,naphtha,kerosene,andgasoil）andthebottomor,asitismoregenerallycalled,thereducedcrude.

Thereducedcrudemaythenbeprocessedbyvacuumorsteamdistillationtoseparatethehigh-boilinglubricatingoilfractionswithoutthedangerofdecomposition,whichoccursathigh（>350℃，660℉）temperatures.Indeed,atmosphericdistillationmaybeterminatedwithalowerboilingfraction（"cut"）ifitisthoughtthatvacuumorsteamdistillationwillyieldabetterqualityproductoriftheprocessappearstobeeconomicallymorefavorable.

3.AnIntroductiontoPetrochemicals

Thepetroleumerawasusheredinbythe1859findingatTitusville,Pennsylvania,buttheflourishingofchemicalsfrompetroleumhasbeenonlysincetheearlytwentiethcentury.Naturalgasandpetroleumareinfactourchiefsourcesofhydrocarbons.Naturalgasisquitevariableincomposition,butthemajorconstituent（>60%）ismethane.Othercomponentsarethehomologousalkanes,ethane,propane,andhigherhydorcarbons.Intermsofvolume,mostofthenaturalgasproducedisusedforfuel,althoughasubstantialamountisusedasrawmaterialforthesynthesisofvarioustypesofchemicals.

Thechemicalindustrydependsveryheavilyonpetroleum,naturalgas,andnaturalgasliquidsassourcesofrawmaterials.Itislikelythatinexcessof90%oftheliterallythousandsofdifferentbasicorganicchemicalsemployedtodayarederivedfromthesesources.

Thepetrochemicalindustryhasgrownwiththepetroleumindustryandisconsideredbysometobeamatureindustry.However,asisthecasewiththelatesttrends.inchangingcrudeoiltypes,itmustalsoevolvetomeetchangingtechnologicalneeds.

Themanufactureofchemicalsorchemicalintermediatesfrompetroleumandnaturalgasconstituentsisanexcellentexampleoftheconversionofsuchmaterialstomorevaluableproducts.Theindividualchemicalsmadefrompetroleumandnaturalgasarenumerousandincludeindustrialchemicals,householdchemicals,fertilizers,andpaints,aswellasintermediatesforthemanufactureofproducts,suchassyntheticrubberandplastics.

Theprocessingofpetroleumhydrocarbontoyieldmaterialsthatare,essentially,thebuildingblocksofotherchemicalsindustries,isnowveryextensive.

Petrochemicalsaregenerallychemicalcompoundsderivedfrompetroleumeitherbydirectmanufactureorbyindirectmanufactureasby-productsfromthevarietyofprocessesthatareusedduringtherefiningofpetroleum.Gasoline,kerosine,fueloils,Lubricatingoils,waxes,asphalts,andthelikeareexcludedfromthedefinitionofpetrochemicals,sincetheyarenot,inthetruesense,chemicalcompoundsbutareinfactintimatemixturesofhydrocarbons.

Theclassificationofmaterialssuchaspetrochemicalsisusedtoindicatethesourceofthechemicalcompounds,butitshouldberememberedthatmanycommonpetrochem